Newspaper Portrayals of Boris Johnson in the British Newspapers Literature review

Newspaper Portrayals of Boris Johnson in the British Newspapers - Literature review Example Naturally, the arms of government are defined as the legislative, judiciary and executive. Each of these has a constitutional role that they play in the democratic practice of government. To this end, it is these three arms of government that are officially accepted for all or any former duties (Angel, 2012). But as times went by in the practice of freedom of expression and freedom of the press through the provisions of democratic governance, the media was one area that was seen to have taken so much advantage of the provision, making its impact felt in almost every aspect of British life. It was for this reason that the media its self and the public started referring to the media as the fourth arm of government, necessary for undertaking the role of correcting and directing the society; especially government. Research has showed that one of the best and most favorable conditions that make it possible for the British media to have such influential role in British society is because m edia practice has been clearly diversified in Britain (Gunter, 2000). What this means is that in almost every aspect of social practice, there is a line of media practice that caters for that aspect. For example in it will be noted that Britain is a socio-cultural community with the people following social passions such as religion, sports, politics, economics, tourism, show business, education, and the likes. For each of these areas also, there will be a kind of media outlet that clearly distinct itself in providing the needed information that followers of the said passion seek after (Williams and Carpini, 2000). There is another school of thought that states that the role of media in British society could be grouped into three major key functions and these are to entertain, educate and inform society (Berger, 1991). What this means is that the media in Britain is responsible to offering entertainment to the society through the combination of a number of society paradigms including show business and sports. The media is also expected to educate the society by providing authentic and unadulterated facts that correspond to current and historic issues. Finally, the media informs the public by bringing them up to date with what takes place in Britain as a country and the international world. 1.2 Media and politics In Britain, the media and politics are both considered as independent and interrelated. As far as independence is concerned, it can be said that both the media and politics are considered as two agencies that have extremely different roles to play in society (Dimmick, 1974). Each of these can also play its role without necessarily needing support or help from the other. Between the two agencies, this phenomenon of independence of the media and politics has generally been in place as a means of ensuring fairness in the delivery of their duties. Studies have actually showed that when the media does its work in a manner that it needs no support and assista nce from any political personality or political party, it is possible that the media can go about its tasks more fairly and devoid of any political favouritism and biases that may be seen in various reportage as a form of payback for any good done to the media by the political agency (Dennis, 2000). In the same way, when politicians go about their roles in a manner that clearly shows that they do not need any assistance from the media to survive, it is possible for

Preventing Vomiting in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy

Preventing Vomiting in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy Efficacy of Preoperative Administration of Metoclopramide and Dexamethasone in Preventing Vomiting in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy Shatha Abutineh Ph., Ola Samawi Ph., Lana Mattar Ph., Dr. Osama Al-Elwan, Dr. Basem Al-Kousheh Abstract Objective: To carry out a comparative study between metoclopramide and dexamethasone to find out its effect by the way of preoperative administration on the rate of postoperative emesis in children who undergoing tonsillectomy. Patients and Methods: Ninety patients between the age of 3-14 years who planned for tonsillectomy were enrolled in our study. Patients were randomly divided into three main groups: Group I: In which children received Dexamethasone injection with a dose of 0.15 mg/kg IV (n = 30). Group II: In which children received Metoclopramide injection with a dose of 0.15 mg/kg IV (n = 30). Group III: In which children received 4 ml saline (n = 30). All episodes of Postoperative vomiting were recorded Results: There were no significant differences between these three main groups of patients regarding the age, sex, weight, type of surgery, duration of surgery and duration of anesthesia. The incidence of vomiting throughout the initial four hours (0-4 hours) was not wasnt considerably different between the three groups, three patients (10%) in the dexamethasone group compared with 3 patients (10%) in the metoclopramide group and 4 patients (13%) in the saline group (P < 0.05). The incidence of vomiting during (4-24 hours) was more frequent in the saline group, 8 patients (27%) developed vomiting (P < 0.001). Only three (10%) patients in the metoclopramide group vomited during this period compared with 6 patients (20%) in the dexamethasone group Conclusion: Metoclopramide found to be more effective than dexamethasone in preventing vomiting in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Key words: Dexamethasone, Metoclopramide, Tonsillectomy. Introduction Tonsillectomy is considered one of the foremost performed surgical procedures in pediatric age group with a reported rate of postoperative vomiting ranging between 40%-73% (1-3).The rate of postoperative emesis is found to be higher in pediatric patients than in adults who undergo tonsillectomy (4). Patients often perceive Postoperative nausea and vomiting as one of the foremost bothering side effects of anesthesia and many believe about it as distressing as the pain related to the operation (5). Postoperative nausea and vomiting can contribute to the event of medical complications (6,7), and patients with Postoperative nausea and vomiting consume a lot of resources and need extra health care skilled time compared with patients in whom these complications square measure avoided. Metoclopramide is often used as prophylactic medicine in these patients to prevent vomiting. However, its use is restricted by low efficiency and the chance and risk of unwanted adverse effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms (8). Dexamethasone is considered to be a steroid of low price, with low rate of adverse effects, prolonged anti vomiting effect in cancer patients, and highly effective in reducing the rate of postoperative vomiting in kids who undergo tonsillectomy (8). However, their actual mechanism in preventing nausea or vomiting continues to be unknown. The aim of our study is to carry out a comparative study between metoclopramide and dexamethasone to find out its effect by the way of preoperative administration on the rate of postoperative emesis in children who undergoing tonsillectomy. Material and Methods Ninety patients of both genders, aged 3-14 years who planned for tonsillectomy were enrolled in the study. The exclusion criteria were, all Children who received steroids, antiemetic and antihistamine drugs twenty four hours prior to surgery. Patients were randomly divided into three main groups: Group I: In which children received Dexamethasone injection with a dose of 0.15 mg/kg IV (n = 30). Group II: In which children received Metoclopramide injection with a dose of 0.15 mg/kg IV (n = 30). Group III: In which children received 4 ml saline (n = 30). The drugs were administered i.v immediately before induction of anesthesia. Patients were instructed to fast from midnight and without giving them any premedication. All the operations were performed by one surgeon using the cold dissection method. The bleeding was controlled by cauterization using bipolar diathermy. All patients were transferred after surgery to the recovery room first before they transferred to the ward. After being transferred to the floor, a soft food was given to all patients throughout their hospital stay. In addition to that, all patients had given a maintenance intra venous fluid until adequate oral intake was achieved. All attacks of Postoperative vomiting were reported by nurses who do not know about the study group during the first 4 hours and 4-24 hours after the end of general anesthesia. We defined Vomiting as expulsion of the contents of stomach through the mouth; and complete response was defined as absence of Postoperative vomiting without a need for antiemetic. Antiemetic was given when there are 2 or more attacks of Postoperative vomiting in the first 24 hours after general anesthesia. Results: 90 patients (30 per group) were included in the study. There were no significant differences between these three main groups of patients regarding the age, sex, weight, type of surgery, duration of surgery and duration of anesthesia. (Table 1). Table 1: Demographic characteristics of patients in their respective group. Characteristics Group I (n = 30) Group II (n = 30) Group III (n = 30) Age (yr) 4.9 Â ± 3.1 4.8 Â ± 3.2 4.6 Â ± 3.2 Weight (kg) 19.7 Â ± 5.7 20.6 Â ± 5.5 20.1 Â ± 5.3 Sex (male/female) 19/11 20/10 18/12 Type of surgery Tonsillectomy -Adenotonsillectomy 8 22 6 24 6 24 Duration of surgery (min) 17.8 Â ± 3.7 16.6 Â ± 4.2 18.1 Â ± 3.5 Duration of anesthesia (min) 35.1 Â ± 6.3 36.2 Â ± 5.3 36.2 Â ± 6.1 No significant difference were found between these three groups in regard to the incidence of post operative vomiting in first 4 hours (0-4 hours), three patients (10%) in the dexamethasone group compared with 3 patients (10%) in the metoclopramide group and 4 patients (13%) in the saline group (P < 0.05). The incidence of vomiting during (4-24 hours) was more frequent in the saline group, 8 patients (27%) developed vomiting (P < 0.001). Only three (10%) patients in the metoclopramide group vomited during this period compared with 6 patients (20%) in the dexamethasone group. Thus Emesis-free within the first 24 hours was achieved significantly more often in patients who had received metoclopramide than in those who had received dexamethasone or placebo (saline). Discussion Complications of tonsillectomy in children are not uncommon and include pain which may result in poor oral intake, dehydration, vomiting, infection, fever and bleeding. Tonsillectomy using bipolar method has been used because of the advantage that it decreases the time of operation and it thus reduce the risk of immediate postoperative bleeding (9). However, bipolar dissection method may result in more postoperative pain (9). The mechanism of action of dexamethasone as an antiemetic is by antagonizing the prostaglandin, inhibit release of tryptophan and endorphins (10-13). These therapeutic effects of dexamethasone leaded to common use of it in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Many medications have been used in order to prevent post operative vomiting (14). The ideal drug to be used should have a good efficacy, little adverse effects and cheap (14,15) . The action of metoclopramide is mainly facilitating the release of acetylcholine. This action may be mediated by many different mechanisms. The antiemetic and nausea inhibitory effects of metoclopramide are related to its central dopaminergic effects (8). Metoclopramide in high doses was found to be very effective in decreasing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. In very low doses it frequently used to treat nausea and vomiting (8). The aim of using these low doses is to decrease central pyramidal and sedative effects which are found to be more common in children than adults. The efficacy of lower doses of metoclopramide in preventing post operative nausea and vomiting is very variable (8). Because of the short half-life of metoclopramide, it is unlikely to produce any antiemetic effect in the recovery period if administered during induction of anesthesia (8,16). Different reports have studied the benefit of administration of 10 mg metoclopramide in adult patients (17). Several studies regarding the effect of a single preoperative I.V dose of steroid on the morbidity of tonsillectomy has been reported different results (18,19). Many reports have found that preoperative administration of a single dose of I.V steroid have reduced the postoperative pain, emesis with an earlier return to normal oral intake feeding (20-22).On other hand another different studies have found no significant differences (23). However, in our study only three (10%) patients in the metoclopramide group vomited during 4-24 hour period compared with 6 patients (20%) in the dexamethasone group and 8 patients (27%) in the saline group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the three groups in regard to the incidence of vomiting during the first four hours. Conclusion Metoclopramide found to be more effective than dexamethasone in preventing vomiting in children undergoing tonsillectomy. References 1. Litman RS, Wu CL, et al. Ondansetron reduces vomiting after tonsillectomy in children. Anesth Analg. 1994 Mar;78(3):478-81 2. Furst SR, et al. Prophylactic antiemetic treatment with ondansetron in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Anesthesiology, 81 (1994), pp. 799-803 3. Ferrari LR, et al. Metoclopramide reduces the incidence of vomiting after tonsillectomy in children. Anesth Analg, 75 (1992), pp. 351-354 4. Rose JB, et al. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia1999;83:104 -117. 5. Ledesma MJS, et al. A comparison of three antiemetic combinations for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2002 Dec;95(6):1590-5. 6. Celiker V, et al. Minimum effective dose of dexamethasone for preventing nausia and vomiting after adenotonsillectomy. J Ankra medical school 2003; 25(1):21-25. 7. Schumann R, et al. Massive subcutaneous emphysema and sudden airway compromise after postoperative vomiting. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 796-797. 8. Olutoye O, et al. Management of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2003;41:99-117. 9. Weimert TA, et al. Electro dissection tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery 1990; 116:186-8. 10. Rich W, et al. Methylprednisolone as an antiemetic during cancer chemotherapy: a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol. 1980;9:193-198 11. Harris AL. Cytotoxic-therapy-induced vomiting is mediated via enkephalin pathways. Lancet 1982;1:714-6. 12. Young SN. Mechanism of decline in rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine after induction of liver tryptophan pyrrolase by hydrocortisone: roles of tryptophan catabolism and kynurenine synthesis. British Journal Pharmacology. 1981 Nov;74(3):695-700 13. Sagar S. The current role of antiemetic drugs in oncology: a recent revolution in patient symptom control. Cancer Treatement Revion 1991;18:95-135. 14. Apfel CC, et al. How to study postoperative nausea and vomiting. Acta Anaesthesiol Scandaneivia, 2002; 46:921-928. 15. Watcha MF Management of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients. Current Opinion Anaesthesia, 2003; 16:575-583. 16. Scuderi PE. Pharmacology of antiemetics. Int Anesthesiol Clin, 2003; 41:41-66. 17. Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC et al Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesia Analgesia, 2003; 97:62-71. 18. Heatley DG. Perioperative intravenous steroid treatment and tonsillectomy. Archives of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 2001; 127:1007-1008. 19. Shott SR. Tonsillectomy and postoperative vomiting: do steroids really work? Archives of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 2001; 127:1009-1010. 20. Vosdoganis F et al (1999). The effect of single dose IV dexamethasone in tonsillectomy in children. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 27 489-492 21. Catlin FI, et al. The effect of steroid therapy on recovery from tonsillectomy in children. Archives of Otolaryngoogyl Head Neck Surgery. 1991;117(6):649-52. 22. Volk MS, et al. The effects of pre operative steroids on tonsillectomy patients. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 1993; 109:26-30. 23. Ohlms LA, et al. Use of intra operative steroids in pediatric tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 1995; 121:737-742.

And What I Say Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression lasted from October 24, 1929 until the economic recovery of the 1940s. On October 29, Black Thursday, the stock market crashed heavily, and continued to fall sharply throughout the coming weeks. As a result, the United States and the world were thrown into a decade of poverty and unemployment. The depression affected all sectors of the economy. Farm owners and agricultural workers suffered from falling crop prices. Businesses failed from a lack of investment support and a decline in the ability of the masses to afford their products. Banks closed their doors as the nation's citizens hoarded their money and defaulted on loan payments. Unemployment and abject poverty enveloped the nation. Herbert Hoover was President of the United Sates at the onset of the depression. His message to the people was one of continued belief in recovery, even in the face of worsening conditions. Though he eventually sparked some government action in an effort to curb the effects of the depression, he believed in the power of the economy to right itself without government intervention. The situation did not improve, and dissent grew throughout the nation. Hoover lost the presidency to Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 election. FDR quickly shifted from a stance of non-intervention to a government policy of regulation and relief. During the first hundred days of his presidency, he and his highly trusted advisors, known as the Brain Trust, created the New Deal. Marshalling a previ...

Dramatic irony Essay

Chapter 18/19 is a link between the first stage of Pips ‘Great Expectations’ and the third stage. Pip is in the 4th year of Pip’s apprenticeship to Joe. A stranger unexpectedly approaches with bullying legal manners. The stranger is Jaggers, a London Lawyer, who announces that Pip has inherited ‘great expectations’ and therefore great fortune from a mysterious benefactor. He will now have to leave the forge and be educated as a gentleman. Pip is warned that the terms of the contract. He must not seek to know the name of the benefactor, and must also keep his nickname of ‘Pip’. This reminds us that there will be continuity between the apprentice and the gentleman. Due to circumstantial evidence Pip assumes, and is convinced that Miss Havisham is his benefactor. (Miss Havisham is a wealthy spinster, turned fanatical and cruel, after being jilted on her wedding day. He spent many childhood days at her house-Satis house to play with Pip’s ‘love’, Estella, her adopted daughter-regardless of being made bitter hearted by Havisham). He remembers seeing Jaggers at Satis house and notes that his tutor to be Matthew Pocket. It is best if she is his benefactor as they are ‘related’. This is the only way he can be a ‘real’ gentleman. However, Jaggers warns us that we have no authority for this opinion. Joe refuses to accept compensation for the loss of his apprentice, Pip. He exclaims â€Å"Pip is that hearty welcome†¦to go free with his services, to honour, and fortun’ as no words can tell him. But if you think money can compensate to me for the loss of the little child-what come to the forge-and ever the best of friends! – -â€Å"This tells us that Pip’s happiness and wellbeing is genuinely important to Joe, he has no qualms about the ‘greater opportunities’ that Pip can gain. Not only are they relatives, on a more sincere level, they are good friends too. Pip is very happy about the fact that he is going to finally be able to follow his ambitions of becoming a gentleman. Before he goes he notices something, â€Å"I saw Joe†¦he never smoked so late, and it seemed to hint to me that he wanted comforting, for some reason or another†. His recognition is hindered by the reason that he can not understand how much Joe cares about him, or why he is even sad, this signifies a further crack in their relationship. Pip resents the touch of sadness in the congratulations of Joe and Biddy. As he goes to bed, he is surprised that his good fortune makes him feel considerably lonely, â€Å"lost in the mazes of my future fortunes†¦ could not trace the paths we had trodden together†. A key emotion that deepens is illustrated. On Pip taking a last walk on the marshes, he dismisses the memory of the convict-thinking that he will never see him again, after all these years. He already starts acting like a snob, planning generous disdain towards the villagers. He even asks Biddy (Joe’s wife after the death of Mrs Joe) to improve Joe’s manners in order to fit him for a ‘higher sphere’. When Biddy answers that Joe has his own pride, Pip accuses her of envy. Pip’s snobbish demeanour results in his refusal to be seen with Joe, despite Joe being a continuous, stable and almost father like, loving figure to him. Pip leaves for London alone, but is seized with remorse on the coach † So subdued I was by those tears..I deliberated with an aching heart.† The reader has little sympathetic approach to see him feeling terrible. Joe and Biddy’s dignity contrasts with the behaviour of everyone else. Everyone else contains hopes to use Pip’s fortune for their own ends; demonstrations of artificial kindness/warmth towards him are made. Dickens lets us know that there are many people around who are quite selfishly on the pursuit for filling their own short comings, but there are also some people who aren’t. Lower class people are depicted ‘truly loving’. The last phrase in this chapter creates a stepping stone for the climax of the story. â€Å"The world lay spread before me†. This indicates that Pip is losing his innocence and is about to enter a world of sin. Pip’s division of mind’, is illustrated by rapid changes in mood; elation to resentment (‘I feel offended’) and condescension (‘handsomely forgiving her’). We are bought about to a sense that things may end with wistfulness and loneliness for Pip. In chapter 39 the narrative shows that Pip isn’t completely happy about the way his life has turned out.† I was alone and had the dull sense of being alone†. This shows that Pip’s pursuit of his ‘great expectations’ has led him to great loneliness. Pip is ‘dispirited and anxious’, he is still ‘long hoping’, and ‘long disappointed’. This suggests that he has some issues about what he has happened. Even though he has got the big opportunity to become a gentleman, his life still feels like there is a missing element, which he has been yearning for, for a long time-shown by the repetition of the word ‘long’, this could be love. The scene is set on a particularly ‘ferocious’, ‘gloomy’ stormy night. The weather is very unsettled. â€Å"It was wretched weather; stormy and wet; mud, mud, mud, deep in all the streets. Day after day†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Dickens uses repetition to emphasize the significance and effects of Magwitch’s resurface. Irony plays a major role here, compellingly helping to set the mood of the scene. Stormy weather/atmosphere is used to convey an artifice of uncertainty embarking around Pip, connecting first chapter. Pip’s feelings are expressed, throwing us back to the graveyard scene. Dramatic irony is finely tuned here preparing us for Magwitch’s much anticipated return. The lights have gone out, due to the bad weather. Dramatically this shows that Magwitch has arrived, and ironically he is about to ‘blow out the light of Pips life’-being a gentleman. Magwitch has come to meet Pip, he represents the voice from the ‘darkness beneath’ coming up. Pip can’t see Magwitch properly, and so does not know that it is him. The expression on the mysterious visitors face both puzzles and annoys Pip, he feels unsure about the person, but the man gives off the impression that he is happy to have met him.† In the instant I had seen a face that was strange to me, looking up with an incomprehensible air of being touched and pleased by the sight of me†. Pip resents the ‘bright and gratified recognition that still shone on his (strangers’) face†, he is weary of the ‘stranger’. He doesn’t want to respond to him and he shows this by inhospitably asking him questions, he thinks that he doesn’t know who he is. The description of ‘the strangers’ appearance is an indication from Dickens that shows that ironically this is Magwitch. Magwitch looks ‘substantially dressed, but roughly’, showing that although he has made a great deal of money, his old habits/ status have still stayed with him, his look ‘voyager by the sea’ indicates that this man has travelled far to get here, Magwitch came from Australia, where he was last taken. He is muscular, in particular ‘strong on his legs’, shows that he could runaway quite easily in spite of his age. Magwitch is ‘browned and hardened’ as a result of exposure to harsh weather and labour. His hair is ‘iron grey’; like irons that convicts would wear to prevent them from escaping. Dickens is trying to relate Magwitch to the realities of crime, to show Pip and both the reader that it was near impossible to shake of the image of crime, even if you had made a large fortune to show as well, at the time. The man’s actions are a clue that he is in fact Magwitch. He continually holds out both of Pip’s hands, which Pip ‘reluctantly gives’, ‘grasping them heartily’ and kisses them. This shows a relationship between them, although a large number of years since contact have passed. The narrative shows Pip’s reaction to be ‘a stupid kind of amazement’ towards the stranger holding out his hands to him. Pip is ‘half suspecting him to be mad’, and ‘wished him gone’, which shows the lack of affection that Pip feels towards a man who clearly shows him some. Dickens is carefully dripping in the truth for added affect. The dialogue explains how Pip recognises the ‘stranger’, (shaking his head with deliberate affection): â€Å"You’re a game one’†¦I’m glad you’ve grown up, a game one! But don’t catch hold of me. You’d be sorry afterwards to have done it†. Magwitch tells Pip that he shouldn’t try to stop him, last time Pip almost got into trouble for helping him. Magwitch just wants to meet Pip and then he will leave. The audience knows that the ‘stranger’ is Magwitch, where up until now Pip doesn’t. The dialogue and narrative proves, to everyone, that the man is Magwitch. He reveals news about his life in Australia. He lets us know how he made his fortune, through land and stock, especially the tough agricultural industry. He has been a stock farmer, a sheep farmer and ‘other trades beside’. Magwitch reveals, by hints, that he is Pip’s benefactor. He coyly pretends to ‘guess’ important facts about Pip and his coming of fortunes. â€Å"†¦income since you come of age†¦first figure, now. Five†¦ there ought to have been some guardian (while he was a minor) †¦the first letter of that lawyer’s name, now. Would it be J?† Pips’ reaction to the news comes as a blow to him; the moment of truth of his position is powerfully portrayed through the language, narrative, and description. â€Å"†¦its disappointments, dangers, disgraces, consequences of all kinds rushed in such multitude that I was borne down †¦ struggle to breath†. The effective use of descriptive alliteration and long sentence structure vividly highlights Pips overwhelming flight of emotions that come ‘flashing down’ upon him. He is especially disgusted as his hopes of being a gentleman have come crashing down, almost like a feeling reflected by the weather, ‘a vast heavy veil driving over’ him. His distress is exemplified by the fact that he deserted his loyal friend Joe for the life that the convict Magwitch has given.

THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING

General Goal: To depict how the conformity and opposition of the respiratory system influence take a breathing under normal conditions and how they may be altered by disease. Specific Aims: The pupil should be able to: define transpulmonary force per unit area, transthoracic force per unit area, and transmural respiratory system force per unit area and discourse how they relate to lung and chest wall kick force per unit area. describe 2 alone surface tenseness belongingss of wetting agent, depict how these belongingss affect lung conformity, and depict the physiological effects of unnatural surfactant production in IRDS. define â€Å" dependent lung † , discuss the mechanism underlying distribution of regional airing in assorted organic structure places. province whether the lung and chest wall will flinch inward or spring outward at RV, FRC, chest wall unstressed volume ( Vo ) and above 65 % TLC and to place the volume at which lung and thorax wall forces balance. list 2 major factors which will diminish airway quality and increase airway opposition. describe why flow is â€Å" attempt independent † during termination but non inspiration, and discourse the mechanism responsible for greater flow restriction at low lung volumes or in the presence of emphysema. Resources Reading: West, JB. Respiratory Physiology-The Essentials ( 4th Ed. ) , Chapter 7. Taylor, AE, K Rehder, RE Hyatt, JC Parker. Clinical Respiratory Physiology, Chapter 2, 6 and 7. Saunders, 1989.NORMAL BREATHINGInspiration is usually active. Termination is usually inactive. Muscles of respiration Inspiratory musculuss Diaphragm. Principle musculus of inspiration. External intercostals. Lift ribs during inspiration. Accessary musculuss. Include sternomastoids, scalene musculuss, and alae nasi. Expiratory musculuss Abdominal musculuss. Principle musculuss of termination. Internal intercostals. Pull ribs downward and inward. Pressures involved in respiration. Pbs = force per unit area at organic structure surface ( normally atmospheric ) PM = oral cavity force per unit area ( normally atmospheric ) PPl = intrapleural force per unit area PALV = alveolar force per unit area Figure 1 Airway force per unit area gradient PM – PALV. This is the force per unit area gradient driving air flow into the lungs. Transpulmonary force per unit area PTP = PALV – PPl. This transmural force per unit area across the lungs. Equal to ( i.e. balances ) elastic kick of lungs when there is no air flow. Additions and lessenings with lung volume. Transchest wall force per unit area PTC = PPl – Pbs. The transmural force per unit area across the thorax. Equal in magnitude to ( i.e. balances ) elastic kick of the chest when there ‘s no air flow. Additions and lessenings with chest volume. Transmural respiratory system force per unit area PRS = PALV – Pbs. The transmural force per unit area across the full respiratory system ( lungs + thorax ) . This is equal to the net inactive elastic kick force per unit area of the whole respiratory system when air flow is zero. Balance of forces Praseodymium+PMUS=PL+PCW PALV-Pbs+PMUS=PL+PCW inspiratory musculus contraction Lung elastic kick Chest wall elastic kick Outward Acting forces Inward playing forces when positive when positive Three ways to blow up the lungs Increase alveolar force per unit area. Done when utilizing external positive force per unit area inhalators. Decrease organic structure surface force per unit area. Done when utilizing the old Fe lungs. Activate inspiratory musculuss. The normal manner to breath. Inflation kineticss. Requires that transmural force per unit area development be sufficient to get the better of non merely elastic kick forces but besides airway opposition to flux. Figure 2ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LUNGLung conformity ( CL ) — step lung volume at assorted transpulmonary force per unit areas. The incline is lung conformity. Figure 3 Hysteresis. Lung volume at a given transpulmonary force per unit area is higher during deflation than during rising prices. The grounds for this are complex. Often, merely the deflation limb is shown on figures. Conformity lessenings ( the lung becomes stiffer ) at high lung volumes. Two major forces contribute to lung conformity: tissue elastic forces and surface tenseness forces. Saline rising prices eliminates gas-air interface. It takes less transpulmonary force per unit area to blow up the lung with saline. The lung becomes more compliant because merely tissue elastic forces remain. Surface tenseness in the lung. At every gas-liquid interface surface tenseness develops. Laplaces Law. It takes a certain rising prices force per unit area to back up the surface tenseness developed at an air-gas interface. T=tension ( dyne/cm ) P=transmural force per unit area ( dyne cm2 ) R = radius ( centimeter ) Wetting agent in the lung Secreted by Type II alveolar cells, surfactant lines the air sac at the gas-liquid interface and has dipalmitoyl lecithin, ( dipolmitoyl phosphotidyl choline=DPPC ) as a major component. Surfactant has 2 alone surface tenseness belongingss Figure 4 The mean surface tenseness is low. Surface tenseness varies with country. Surface tenseness rises as country gets bigger and falls as country gets smaller. Physiological importance of wetting agent Additions lung conformity because surface forces are reduced. Promotes alveolar stableness and prevents alveolar prostration. Decreased surface country lowers surface tenseness. Increased surface country additions surface tenseness. Small air sacs are prevented from acquiring smaller. Large air sacs are prevented from acquiring bigger. Promotes dry air sac. Alveolar prostration tends to â€Å" suck † fluid from pneumonic capillaries. Stabilizing air sac ( see B ) prevents transudate of fluid by forestalling prostration. Infant respiratory disease syndrome ( IRDS ) Surfactant ( DPPC ) production starts tardily in foetal life so premature babies are frequently unable to do surfactant properly. Babies with unnatural wetting agent have stiff, fluid-filled lungs with atelectatic countries ( alveolar prostration ) . Non-ventilated, collapsed air sac efficaciously do right to go forth shunting of blood. [ lecithin ] / [ sphingomyelin ] ratio can be analyzed in amnionic fluid to supply an index of gestational adulthood of surfactant production. Sphingomyelin production starts early and remains changeless during gestation and is therefore a marker of entire phospholipid concentration. Sphingomyelin has no surface active belongingss. Regional lung volume and regional airing Dependent lung-the lung in the lowest portion of the gravitative field, i.e. , the base when in the unsloped place ; the dorsal part when supine. Intrapleural force per unit area is higher ( i.e. , less negative ) around dependent parts of the lung because of the weight of the lung. Figure 5 Transpulmonary force per unit area ( PALV – PPl ) is greater at the vertex ( 0- ( -10 ) than at base ( 0- ( -2.5 ) in unsloped lung. Therefore, the vertex is more hyperbolic ( i.e. , has a higher volume ) at FRC. Ventilation is greater at the base than the vertex of the unsloped lung because the base is on a steeper part of the force per unit area volume curve. The vertex is on a flatter ( less compliant ) part. The base starts with less air but has greater airing ; the vertex starts with more air volume but has less airing. Summary. Ventilation is greater in dependent parts of a normal topic ‘s lungs. Time invariables for emptying. Important regional inhomogeneities in airing can besides be caused by factors which cause regional differences in airway oppositions or elastic features. High opposition and high conformity equal slow voidance. Specific conformity. Conformity divided by resting lung volume clinically FRC is used ) . This standardization must be done to analyze the elastic features of tissue and their alterations in disease. How would compliance differ in a kid and an grownup, both with normal lungs?INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LUNGS AND CHEST WALLThe lungs and chest wall operate in series and their conformities add in return to do entire conformity. The chest wall is like a spring which may be either compressed or distended. Figure 6 Transthoracic force per unit area is negative at RV and FRC intending the chest wall is smaller than its unstressed volume and its care to spring out. Normal tidal external respiration is wholly in the negative force per unit area scope. Transthoracic force per unit area is 0 at approximately 65 % of TLC intending the thorax is at its unstressed volume and has no inclination to prostration or expand. Transthoracic force per unit area is positive at volumes above approximately 65 % TLC. The chest tends to fall in above its unstressed volume. The lungs are like a spring which may merely be distended. Figure 7 The lungs are above their unstressed volume ( minimum volume ) even when the system is at residuary volume. The lungs still have some volume at their minimum volume. Transpulmonary force per unit area is positive from residuary volume to entire lung capacity so the lungs ever tend to prostration. Functional residuary capacity is the lung volume at which the inclination for the chest wall to jump outward is merely balanced by the inclination for the lungs to flinch inward. The transmural respiratory system force per unit area ( PRS = RALV – Pbs ) is zero at FRC if respiratory musculuss are relaxed. The secret plan of lung volume against transmural respiratory system force per unit area ( PRS = RALV – Pbs ) with represents the combined consequence of lung and chest wall kick. Figure 8 A pneumothorax causes lungs and chest wall to alter volume along their curve until their transmural force per unit area is zero. The lungs ever recoil inward. The chest wall springs outward unless it is inflated to beyond 65 % TLC in which instance it besides will flinch inward. Conformity alterations in disease Lungs become slightly more compliant with natural aging and go markedly more compliant with emphysema. Lungs become less compliant ( stiffer ) with pneumonic fibrosis or during hydropss caused by arthritic bosom disease. Chestwall becomes less compliant ( stiffer ) in status where the chest wall is deformed ( eg. kyphoscoliosis ) . It besides becomes functionally less compliant when abdominal pit alterations cause upward supplanting of the stop ( eg. gestation ) .AIRWAY RESISTANCEAir flow is chiefly laminal during quiet external respiration. Resistance is determined by Poiseuille ‘s Law and the force per unit area gradient required is relative to flux. When air flow additions, as in exercising, some turbulency and eddy flow develops in big air passages and at subdivision points. An excess force per unit area gradient proportional to flux rate squared is necessary. The major site of opposition is in the larger air passages specifically in the medium size bronchial tube. Merely approximately 20 % of entire air passage opposition is in little air passages ( less than 2 millimeter ) . Factors taking to cut down airway quality and increased airway opposition. Contraction of bronchial smooth musculus. Stimulations include: pneumogastric tone, histamine or reduced airway. is peculiarly of import for advancing homogenous airing. When it builds up in a ill ventilated part the air passages to that part tend to distend. Loss of elastic kick in lung ( i.e. , more compliant lungs ) . Radial grip on bronchial tubes usually helps keep them unfastened. Lower lung volumes are associated with less elastic kick and slower flow rates. Loss of elastic tissue in chronic clogging disease ( eg. emphysema ) lower elastic kick forces. Maximum forced termination consequences in Figure 9 – Expiratory flow-volume curves. May be plotted as volume vs. clip or flux vs. volume. Peak flow occurs early and flow falls as termination continues and lung volume lessenings. Effort independency. When the maximal flow-volume envelope is reached, flow falls with forced lung volume regardless of get downing volume or attempt. Mechanism of flow restriction at lower lung volumes during termination. Figure 10 – Collapse of the air passages during termination: The entire force per unit area in the air sac equals pleural force per unit area + the elastic force per unit area of the lungs. Flow in the air passage requires a force per unit area bead owing to the syrupy opposition of the gas. If the air flow is rapid plenty, or the airway opposition great plenty, this force per unit area bead will go equal to and so greater than the elastic force per unit area, the airway transmural force per unit area becomes zero or less and the air passages will be given to fall in. The point along the air passage where this occurs is called the â€Å" equal force per unit area point † . With a forced termination the equal force per unit area point moves closer to the air sac because as the flow rate additions so besides the syrupy force per unit area bead additions, but the elastic force per unit area remains the same. Cartilage in the big air passages helps to oppose the inclination to prostration during forced termination. Alveolar force per unit area = elastic kick force per unit area + intrapleural force per unit area. Mouth force per unit area = atmospheric force per unit area = 0. During expiration intrapleural force per unit area is positive ( greater than atmospheric ) . Equal force per unit area point ( EPP ) . Airway opposition causes a force per unit area bead from air sac to talk. At some point in the bronchial tube the force per unit area has dropped enough that it merely peers environing intrapleural force per unit area. This is the EPP. Since air passages are collapsable air flow will be relative to the difference between alveolar and EPP force per unit areas and reciprocally relative to the opposition of this section ( retrieve Starling Resistors ) . Increased attempt will do similar additions in alveolar force per unit area and force per unit area at the EPP. The force per unit area difference and therefore the flow will be unchanged. Flow restriction at assorted lung volumes during forced termination. High LUNG VOLUME MEDIUM LUNG VOLUME LOW LUNG VOLUME Figure 11 Flow restriction in chronic clogging disease ( emphysema ) . NORMAL LUNGS EMPHYSEMA Figure 12 Forced inspiration is non attempt independent because intrapleural force per unit area is negative and air passages are held unfastened. Figure 13 – A household of flow-volume cringles. Each of the four inspiratory and expiratory critical capacity manoeuvres is performed at a different degree of attempt. The manoeuvre with maximum attempt is designated by the figure â€Å" 4 † . Maneuvers â€Å" 3, 2, and 1 † are performed with increasingly less and less attempt.MECHANICS OF BREATHING STUDY QUESTIONSTrue or False. The abdominal and internal intercostal musculuss drive expiratory flow during normal external respiration. What relationship exists between the volume of an elastic construction and its transmural force per unit area? What transmural force per unit area difference equals the kick force per unit area of the lung? The chest wall? The whole respiratory system? What 2 forces contribute to lung conformity and must be overcome to blow up a lung? For each force, name a common lung upset in which it is altered? List two of import surface tenseness belongingss of wetting agent. List three physiologically important effects of holding surfactant nowadays. At FRC which part of the lung is most hyperbolic? During inspiration from FRC, which part of the lung is best ventilated? What is meant by unstressed volume? At what lung volume is the chest wall at its unstressed volume? At what lung volumes are the lungs at their unstressed volume? At what lung volume is the entire respiratory system at its unstressed volume? During forced termination flow becomes limited. What two force per unit areas add together to do alveolar force per unit area? What force per unit area determines force per unit areas at the equal force per unit area point? How does maximum forced expiratory flow alteration with lung volume? Why? How does maximal expiratory flow alteration with clogging disease? Why?

About Eileen Gray, Furniture Designer and Architect

About Eileen Gray, Furniture Designer and Architect In some circles, Irish-born Eileen Gray is the figurative poster-child for the 20th century woman whose work is dismissed by a male-dominated culture. These days, her pioneering designs are revered. The New York Times claims that Gray is now regarded as one of the most influential architects and furniture designers of the last century. Background: Born: August 9, 1878 in County Wexford, Ireland Full Name: Kathleen Eileen Moray Gray Died: October 31, 1976 in Paris, France Education: Painting classes at the Slade School of Fine ArtAcadà ©mie JulianAcadà ©mie Colarossi Home Furnishing Designs: Eileen Gray may be best known for her furniture designs, beginning her career as a lacquer artist.   In her lacquer work and carpets,   writes the National Museum of Ireland, she took traditional crafts and combined them in a radical manner with the principles of Fauvism, Cubism and De  Stijl. The museum goes on to claim that Gray was the first designer to work in chrome, and was working with tubular steel at the same time as Marcel Breuer. Aram Designs Ltd. of London licenses Gray reproductions. Bibendum chairBonaparte ChairNonconformist ChairAdjustable Table E 1027Art Deco Lacquer ScreensEileen Gray Blue Marine RugDollhouse Miniature 1:12 Scale Eileen Gray Dragon Chair In 2009, Christies auction house estimated that a chair designed by the feminist architect and designer would fetch about $3,000 at auction. Grays dragon armchair, Fauteuil aux Dragons, set a record, selling for over $28 million. Grays Dragon Chair is so famous that it has become a dollhouse miniature. See more Gray designs on the Aram website at www.eileengray.co.uk/ Building Design: In the early 1920s, Romanian architect Jean Badovici (1893-1956) encouraged Eileen Gray to begin designing small houses. 1927: E1027- Collaborated with Jean Badovici on Maison en bord de mer E-1027, Roquebrune Cap Martin, on the Mediterranean Sea in southern France1932: Tempe Pailla, near Menton, France1954: Lou Pà ©rou, near Saint-Tropez, France The future projects light, the past only clouds.- Eileen Gray About E1027: The alpha-numeric code symbolically wraps Eileen Gray (the E and 7th letter of the alphabet, G) around 10-2- the tenth and second letters of the alphabet, J and B, which stand for Jean Badovici. As lovers, they shared the summer retreat that Gray called E-10-2-7. Modernist architect Le Corbusier famously painted and drew murals on the interior walls of E1027, without Grays permission. The film The Price of Desire (2014) tells the story of these modernists. Eileen Grays Legacy: Working with geometric forms, Eileen Gray created plush furniture designs in steel and leather. Many Art Deco and Bauhaus architects and designers found inspiration in Grays unique style. Todays artists, too, write extensively about Grays influence. Canadian designer Lindsay Brown has commented on Eileen Gray’s E-1027 house, an astute review with photographs of Grays maison en bord de mer. Brown suggests that Corbusier had something to do with Grays obscurity. Marco Orsinis documentary Gray Matters (2014) examines Grays body of work, making the case that Gray matters as an influence in the design world. The films focus is on Grays architecture and designs, including her modernist house, E-1027, in the south of France and the furnishings of the house for herself and her Romanian lover, the architect Jean Badovici.   The E1027 story is now widely known and taught in architectural schools, as emblematic of the sexual politics of modern architecture, claims reviewer Rowan Moore in The Guardian. A ongoing faithful community of Eileen Gray devotees and like-minded nonconformists stay in touch on Facebook. Learn More: Eileen Gray by Caroline Constant, Phaidon Press, 2000Eileen Gray, Freed From Seclusion by Alice Rawsthorn, The New York Times, February 24, 2013Eileen Grays E1027 – review by Rowan Moore, The Observer, Guardian News and Media, June 29, 2013Eileen Gray: Objects and Furniture Design by Architects Series, 2013Eileen Gray: Her Work and Her World by Jennifer Goff, Irish Academic Press, 2015Eileen Gray: Her Life and Work by Peter Adam, 2010 Sources: Sale 1209 Lot 276, Christies; Eileen Grays E1027 – review by Rowan Moore, The Guardian, June 29, 2013 [accessed September 28, 2014]; National Museum of Ireland - Eileen Gray Exhibition Details at www.museum.ie/en/exhibition/list/eileen-gray-exhibition-details.aspx?gclidCjwKEAjwovytBRCdxtyKqfL5nUISJACaugG1QlwuEClYPsOe_OJUokXAyYDHhBdpv5lpG5rQ5cW8ChoCppvw_wcB; Eileen Gray quotation from London Design Journal [accessed August 3, 2015]

Right to Choose essays

Right to Choose essays In America, we are blessed to have many freedoms. Freedoms of expression and freedom of speech among many others. We have been privileged to choose and decide many things for our benefit also. I think included with the right to choose should be a woman's right to decide whether or not she wants to have a baby. Abortion should be a woman's choice. It should also be limited to restrain the abuse of its practice. There are many woman that have to decide whether or not to continue with their family's expansion by having their baby. There are many situations when woman face important decisions. From religion beliefs to professional needs, there are reasons why a woman decides to have an abortion. This decision however, helps her to end with a situation that could change the way she lives her life. The changes are very different in every case. Two of the many reasons why a woman decides to have an abortion is because they could not afford the baby (twenty one percent) and the matching second reason is because they were not ready for the responsibility (twenty one percent). Abortion ends a pregnancy before birth takes place. When an embryo of fetus dies in the uterusand is expelled by the body, it is called a spontaneous abortion. After twenty weeks of pregnancy a spontaneous abortion is also called a "miscarriage." When a woman decides to end her pregnancy voluntarily, she has an induced abortion. There are different ways of conducting an abortion. The decision of an abortion should be taken between the mother and her doctor. Approximately eight eight percent of all induced abortions are performed during the first trimester of the pregnancy. In fact, more than half are performed within the first two months of pregnancy. Tese abortions are usually performed at a clinic, health center, or in a doctor's office, and women are usually able to return home am hour or so later. I believe that an abortion is not agai...

Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe

Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe Its easy to make your own natural mosquito repellent. You can control exactly what goes into the product so you wont need to worry about any unwanted chemicals. Natural Mosquito Repellent Safety There are a couple of different formulations you can use for your natural mosquito repellent. In general, what you are doing is diluting an essential oil that the mosquitoes find distasteful or which confuses them so they cant find you to bite you. The oils dont mix with water, so youll need to add them to other oils or to alcohol. Its important to use an oil or alcohol that is safe for your skin. Also, dont go overboard with the essential oils. The oils are potent and could cause skin irritation or another reaction if you use too much. If you are pregnant or nursing, do not use any mosquito repellent, natural or otherwise, until after youve gotten it cleared by your physician. Natural Mosquito Repellent Ingredients If you are making large amounts of mosquito repellent, a good rule of thumb is to mix the repellent so its 5-10% essential oil. That means you should mix one part essential oil with 10-20 parts carrier oil or alcohol. For a smaller batch use: 10-25 drops (total) of essential oils2 tablespoons of a carrier oil or alcohol The essential oils that work well against mosquitoes are: cinnamon oillemon eucalyptus oilcitronella oilcastor oil Safe carrier oils and alcohols include: olive oilsunflower oilany other cooking oilwitch hazelvodka Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe Mix the essential oil with the carrier oil or alcohol. Rub or spray the natural insect repellent onto skin or clothing, using care to avoid the sensitive eye area. Youll need to re-apply the natural product after about an hour or after swimming or exercise. Unused natural insect repellent may be stored in a dark bottle, away from heat or sunlight.

Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company Case Study

Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that one of the strategic plans adopted by the company under the leadership of Frank is market control and dominance that has enabled the company’s presence to be felt in different parts of the world. In line with this strategy, the company has been involved in a number of partnerships and mergers with different food companies in different parts of the world. In 2007, the company entered into partnership with Kraft Company to market its products especially the biscuits. This partnership enabled the company to make significant inroads into different markets in Europe. In the same year also witnessed the opening of new markets for its baby and clinical nutrition products when it entered into a marketing partnership with Numico, a Dutch-based company. Frank relates their acquisition strategic plan to the significant increase in sales that the company has enjoyed especially in 2012. The transformation of the company’s geographical profile and areas th at it continues to lay emphasis in has also resulted into changes in its market shape. Frank confirms that currently, majority of their sales come from different parts of Europe and this accounts for 40%. ... Today, food and beverage products from different multinationals including Danone are shipped to global markets. The prices of such products are determined by the global market demand and supply and such determines the strategies adopted by these multinationals. Operations within the global arena have a number of benefits to a business that holds significant potential in the success of such organizations. It creates new market and niche for the companies as they venture into new regions thus increasing a company’s international presence. Global market operation also increases the publicity and dominance of a company’s brand that increasing recognition and acceptance across different regions in the globe. Cross-border integration as practiced by Danone has opened up new markets for its products in different regions including the Dutch markets. As most of these products target nutritional and clinical markets, Danone has been enabled to increase its services to different parts of Europe. However, a slight variation may exist between the receptions that the four products produced and marketed by the company may receive in the global market. Fresh dairy products and water has met stiff competition in the international market from other companies that specialize in similar goods within the global markets. However, the baby and medical nutrition products marketed by the company have received a much different reception due to the strategy the company has adopted in the global market. For example, while introducing the products in the Netherlands, the company used Numico, a Dutch-based FMCG company to introduce its products into the market.

Cross cultural management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross cultural management - Dissertation Example Globe program used nine cultural dimensions to capture the different norms, beliefs and cultural values that determine the effectiveness of leadership, these dimensions include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, human orientation, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation and performance orientation (Bertsch & Girard, 2011 p23). This dissertation will critically review the various leadership styles used in United States of America, China and Nigeria using the nine dimensions of culture as brought forward by the GLOBE study. In America, most of the business leadership is usually far from the political class and the success of leadership does not necessarily depend on the contacts that the leaders have with the political class (Bertsch, 2012 p7). Most of the leadership roles in America has for a long time been centralised to the leader, the leader is in control of all the activities that are taking place in the organ isation, however, this has been changing with organisations being encouraged to decentralise the decision making process to the subordinates workforce. Bureaucratic procedures have always defined the mode of running organisations in America where the leaders have insisted on the following of the laid down processes and procedures in any activity. Humane orientation in most of the leadership position where the workers are rewarded for being kind or altruistic to the society does not exist, most of the focus is on how the organisations will maximise profits for their ownership. America, being one of the countries that have practised capitalism since their pre-colonial times, emphasises more on individualism than collective action in undertaking various roles, however, they pride themselves and show loyalty to the institutions that they work for; they have a sense of identity with their organisations or country. Gender roles in America, especially in the institutional and organisation platform have not been differentiated and there is no discrimination in leadership roles that can be assigned to either men or women, all roles are open to all genders (Anonymous, 2012, p91). Most of the organisations in the United States of America are involved in planning and strategising on how to improve themselves for better delivery of their roles and for the sustainability of their operations (Venaik & Brewer, 2010 p1299). Assertiveness is encouraged in organisations in order to gain a competitive edge over rival organisations or to increase area of coverage and market share, performance improvement and excellence is highly encouraged in individuals. In America, Charismatic value based style was the most effective where values are emphasised, autonomous leadership was the least effective in USA according to globe. Humane oriented leadership although preferred to some extent did not rank high in the United States, participative leadership in America which include involving oth ers in decision making would not be effective due to the population size. Team oriented leadership was also not favourable in USA and the self-protective leadership was similarly perceived to be practised in USA though not to a large extent. Most of the organisational leadership in the people’s republic of China are more concerned with the welfare of the people they serve and hence performance is not emphasised much, however, the trend is changing with the country heading toward a full capitalistic nation where excellent

Interview with Director of an Early Education Assignment

Interview with Director of an Early Education - Assignment Example The Director has a very hectic and demanding schedule which can only be addressed by proper time management and setting of priorities. She is in charge of the whole operations except accreditation and fundraising concerns. Although the demands of the job are challenging, the Director feels that her work is meaningful since the program enables families to pursue their needs. Her fulfillment comes from seeing children who are happily involved in the program. I was quite surprised to learn that the Director experiences challenge not from procedures but from the staff itself. It takes a great deal of motivation to make the staff meet deadlines and see things in a positive way. Her policy is not to intervene in conflicts as much as she can so the staff can harmoniously resolve conflicts amongst them. The rules and policies allow her to guide her staff. I admire her leadership skills especially her belief that a good leader cannot please everybody. The Director is also a very optimistic person since she believes that everything is a work in progress. Indeed, it takes a strong but compassionate leader to handle a position such as hers.

Solow Growth Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Solow Growth Model - Essay Example Solow Growth Model is a standard neoclassical model of economic growth developed by Robert Solow. This model holds that economic growth is linked to capital accumulation and the population growth (Zhuang and St Juliana, 2010, p. 65). Solow growth model postulates that under equilibrium, the level of per capita income is determined by prevailing technology, rates of saving, rate of population growth and technical progress all which are assumed exogenous (Barossi-Filho, 2005, p. 37). Given that the rates of population growth and levels of saving are varying across countries, the model gives testable predictions on assessing how the two can influence economic growth of countries. Solow model has been criticized by different theorists given the assumptions made by this theory. This paper will explain the impacts of both population growth and increase in the saving rates upon economic growth. Moreover, the paper will explain how Solow model accounts for technological progress and assess w hether Romer model improves on this. Impact of both population growth and an increase in the savings rate upon economic growth Increased production of goods and services leads to economic growth. In the light of this statement, any country that desires to achieve economic growth must have optimal factors of production (Song, 2009, p. 7). The factors of production include capital, labor, technology, land and entrepreneur. When these factors are optimized economic growth of the country will be positive. Solow growth model predicts that economic growth results from accumulation of capital and population growth rate (Zhuang and St Juliana, 2010, p. 65). Moreover, the model starts by making an assumption of capital accumulation is subject to diminishing returns (Stein, 2007, p. 193). Solow model argues that developing countries with low capital stock can achieve higher economic growth compared to developed countries by increasing their savings and investment rates. Solow model postulates that increased rates of savings leads to capital accumulation. The theory behind increased savings resulting in capital accumulation is that higher savings leads increased amount of funds that can be offered as credit for capital investment. Consequently, this borrowed capital will be invested in the production industry and therefore the gross domestic products will be higher (Song, 2009, p. 9). Investment is required for the development of infrastructure required for production. However, Liu and Guo (2002, p. 25) argues that economic growth of a country depends on its ability to deploy the savings to finance capital investment. In the Solow model, the second factor identified to influence economic growth of a country is its population growth. Population provides an important factor of production; labor and consequently as population grows it adds to the available labor it contributes to economic growth of any country. However, given the rule of diminishing returns on factors of pr oduction it is necessary to strike equilibrium between the labor and other factors of production (Song, 2009, p. 10). The combined effect of impact of increased rates of saving and population growth can be understood using the Solow model. This model offers testable predictions since these two factors are different across nations. Song (2009, p. 9) argues that countries having high saving levels usually have higher per capita incomes while those experiencing high population growth have lower per capita inco

Human Development In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay

Human Development In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams - Essay Example The play tries to justify that complete and happy families should have the support of the male’s household heads. Amanda’s family has no father as he abandoned them. They try to find the happiness they do not have and end up living in fear and neglects. Therefore, Tom takes the responsibility to take care of the family despite his small age. The new roles affect his psychological development. Tom’s parental duties at a tender age deprive him of his prime youth experience. Human development is a process, and everyone should enjoy every stage of his or her life thus, psychological mismatch evidence in Tom’s boredom in family issues. Glass Menagerie emphasizes roles of parents in child development. However, the play illustrates strictness and decision making on behalf of kids as positive attributes of a good mother. Amanda is strict on Tom and Laura. She expresses her desire for Laura to have a right date and asks for Tom’s assistance but quickly becomes angry that she dropped out of typing class because of shyness. In psychological perspectives, parents should understand the strengths and weaknesses of their children and help them to overcome the challenges. Amanda’s approach is worse and only serves to humiliate Laura. She also offers little assistance to enable Laura to overcome shyness. Amanda is a character who does not tolerate mistakes among her children. Thus, she engages in every aspect of their lives with the notion of providing the moral support. Nonetheless, she portrays qualities of a mother who is overprotective. Her approach is not a healthy approach to parenting because she provides little time for the Tom and Laura to explore the world and establish their desires. Her actions are evident when she asks Tom to introduce Laura to a friend. Jim disappoints Laura making Amanda yell at Tom. She is the cause of her daughter’s heartbreak, and reason Tom left their home (Bloom 72).

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Example There are certain numbers of characteristics that are involved with the effectiveness of entrepreneurs, such as self confidence, sense of ownership, continuous learning skills, communication abilities, goal and system oriented cognitive skills, and dedication towards the objectives with an optimistic point of view among others. According to the concept of Peter Drucker, entrepreneur can be regarded as the person who essentially looks for changes and attempts taking appropriate actions on it developing those changes as a prospect of growth and success (Marks and Hunter, 2011). Among the various notable entrepreneurs of this era, Lord Alan Sugar has been one. Born in the not so famed East London, he rose up to the occasion to be a member at House of Commons and to hold 89th place in Sunday Times Rich List of 2011. Amstrad has been his most successful venture. The paper on entrepreneurship should also mention about the Virgin group Chairman Richard Brasnon, the 4th richest person of UK. Virgin Megastores, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Virgin Mobile and the expanded Virgin Records are few of his successful ventures. 1.2. Critically Evaluate Entrepreneurialism as an Agent of Change in Both Public and Private Health and Social Care Sector. In the modern day context of healthcare and social organizations, the entrepreneurs are highly inclined towards gaining increased revenue or profit for the organization. However, social enterprises, now-a-days, entail with certain significant attributes related to the governmental public policies. The enterprises of the globalised world focusing on a developed entrepreneurship are different from traditional and socio-economic approaches which motivated the European countries to adopt developed legal frameworks. The contemporary scenario of the healthcare organizations is highly required to be conscious with regards to the environmental changes and implement suitable plans and strategies for the organization concentrated on its social be nefits. Significant plans along with the appropriate strategies are more effective for the organization to put up internal strengths along with external opportunities taking into account the surmounting peripheral threats as well as interior weaknesses possessed by the concern. For instance, in the context of health and social care divisions of UK, it has been observed that the current circumstances have perpetually increased the requirements for more efficient and cost control strategies. The reasons behind such inclination relate with the reduction in government’s financial support to the sector, involvement of private firms as well as expansion of National Health Service (NHS) (Department of Health, 2009). Therefore, in the modern phenomenon, the UK based healthcare organisations within the private sector as well as public sector continue to strive for achieving the competitive advantages through cost-limitation and growth sustainability. The strategic decisions are the cr ucial factors which can encompass a long term effect on the prospects of an organization with regards to its utilization of the resources,

Human Development In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay

Human Development In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams - Essay Example The play tries to justify that complete and happy families should have the support of the male’s household heads. Amanda’s family has no father as he abandoned them. They try to find the happiness they do not have and end up living in fear and neglects. Therefore, Tom takes the responsibility to take care of the family despite his small age. The new roles affect his psychological development. Tom’s parental duties at a tender age deprive him of his prime youth experience. Human development is a process, and everyone should enjoy every stage of his or her life thus, psychological mismatch evidence in Tom’s boredom in family issues. Glass Menagerie emphasizes roles of parents in child development. However, the play illustrates strictness and decision making on behalf of kids as positive attributes of a good mother. Amanda is strict on Tom and Laura. She expresses her desire for Laura to have a right date and asks for Tom’s assistance but quickly becomes angry that she dropped out of typing class because of shyness. In psychological perspectives, parents should understand the strengths and weaknesses of their children and help them to overcome the challenges. Amanda’s approach is worse and only serves to humiliate Laura. She also offers little assistance to enable Laura to overcome shyness. Amanda is a character who does not tolerate mistakes among her children. Thus, she engages in every aspect of their lives with the notion of providing the moral support. Nonetheless, she portrays qualities of a mother who is overprotective. Her approach is not a healthy approach to parenting because she provides little time for the Tom and Laura to explore the world and establish their desires. Her actions are evident when she asks Tom to introduce Laura to a friend. Jim disappoints Laura making Amanda yell at Tom. She is the cause of her daughter’s heartbreak, and reason Tom left their home (Bloom 72).

Prof 2 part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Prof 2 part 2 - Essay Example Theoretically, scientists know how DS came about but not what triggers it although there are so-called risk factors to DS incidences. DS is a condition that needs to be extensively studied not only so that it can be totally eliminated but also to help those born with this genetic defects live the closest to normal existence as possible. The purpose of this paper is to study the causes and effects of Down syndrome including its medical consequences and the accepted appropriate clinical, sociological, nutritional and psychological approaches in dealing with DS victims. In undertaking the study of this paper, the writer used several books, articles and other references to meet its objective, which is to understand the causes of Down syndrome, anticipate its medical consequences and how to best deal with DS patients, clinically, psychologically and socially. The article Down Syndrome culled from the Parenting and Child health website was vital in giving a complete overview of the genetic disorder. It familiarizes the reader, although rather cursorily, with the disorder. This was important so that a complete overview of the topic can be instantly had without having to read longer accounts initially (2008). This was likewise true with the article Birth Defects-Trisomy Disorders which can be found in the Better Health Channel website (2007). To find out the frequency of DS occurrence vis-Ã  -vis birth rates in Australian, a visit to the WD website and a reading of the article Statistics by Country for Down Syndrome proved helpful although the statistics therein presented were products of mere extrapolation (2008). The article Down Syndrome and Genetic Cleansing by Rachel Mealy provided an idea how Australian mothers can anticipate a DS birth and how Australian pregnant women actually deal with knowledge of imminent DS births (Mealy 2002). The book Prescription for Nutritional Healing: A Practical A-To-Z Reference to

Development Of Industrial Relations In Hong Kong Commerce Essay

Development Of Industrial Relations In Hong Kong Commerce Essay In responding to the question, I agree with that the organization of industrial relations in Hong Kong has been less formalized and less centralized. There are three critical factors influenced the development of the industrial relations in Hong Kong. In the following essay, there will be a definition and description on industrial relations and the role of trade unions in Hong Kong. And discuss the background of economic, political and institutional sociology environment in post colony Hong Kong that affecting the function of trade union. Industrial Relations and Trade Union The terms of Industrial Relations is used to define the relationship and interactions between the employees (workers) and employers (management) within the organizational settings. Those interactions or activities were involved all aspects of the employment relationship, human resource management, employee relations and union-management relations. The main parties to the employment relationship and the key actors are workers and workers organizations (usually trade union), employers and managers and also the state (Bacon, 2009). Since there have difference perspective among employers, employees (workers) and trade unions (workers organization), the industrial relation means different things to different people. For workers, they wants fairness of employment outcome, better pay, workplace safety, job security and training, while employer wants more efficiency, more productivity, more flexibility in the workforce. In general, trade unions have a wide range of beneficial outcome. They can be the actor to force managers improve human resources management practices, being the role of consulting, promoting job equal opportunities, increasing job satisfaction and reducing labour turnover. Meanwhile, trade unions also acted as a representative of employee to voice out their needs as well as express their views and interests in the workplace. Furthermore, they can create issues covering on the wages and working hours, to encourage employees to be better producers for their employers and ensure employers provide better working conditions for employee through the activities of collective bargaining and negotiation. Thus, industrial relations were often subject to joint regulation which required cooperation among employee and employer participation in decision making. However, in Hong Kong, union effects nowadays appear to have reduced obviously or just apply limited effect in some special circumstance. It probably caused by the change of industrial relations since World War II, under the governance of Colonial British rule for 150 years prior to Chinas sovereignty. Critical factors leading that influence trade unions in Hong Kong Economic Factors First of all, from the aspect of economic factors, entrepot trade was the mainstay economy in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, with the declined of entrepot trade, the sudden influx of refugees and the capital from Shanghai and other major Chinese cities transferred to Hong Kong that influenced the movement of unions in labour relation. With the expansion of manufacturing sector (such as clothing and electronics) that facilitate the semi-worker and the skill transferred among difference industries. Manufacturing activities have accounted for the large share of labour force together with other sector, such as restaurants and hotels, wholesale and retail, commerce and finance (Ng, 1984). At that time, Small firm of individual business provided more employment opportunities. Hong Kong has accomplished a high rate of economic growth with lower unemployment rate. Under this circumstance, union membership is low and the collective bargaining is practically non-existent. There was no incentive to recognize trade unions or bargain collectively within workers. In addition, the perception of British voluntaristic tradition, gentlement agreement among the workplace are more significant than collective agreements, the lacking of legal obligation of enforceable contract that allow employer adjust their labour force in accordance to adapt with the market condition (Chiu and Levin,1996). Meanwhile, the new economic structure only focused to fit the economist prescription in the organizational level in regard of employment relations. Government had adopting a non-interventionist policies in the social and economic sphere that had no intention to restructure the industry by implementing regulation, tax policies or subsidies, remains the lowest taxes among the world to preserve economy incentives (Tang, 1999). It had created a capitalist framework of the economy that encourage private sector to pursuit the market capitalism. Furthermore, the free market approach, Laisse-faire policies initiated by the government on economic activities only consist with minimal regulatory, no minimum wage legislation, no fixing prices. That means people can buy from whom they want, to sell from whom they buy and to invest they want or to hire whom they want, to work for whom they want (Tang, 1999). As a result, the collusion between government and employer that emerged conflictual interest between labour and capital that empower employer over the labour process and employment relations by bargaining between individual employers and workers.(Chiu and Levin, 1999). Moreover, trade union in Hong Kong are all in political orientated, they are only interested in realizing political objective rather than seeking economic benefit for the workers through establishing formal rule making arrangement with employer (Chiu and Levin, 1999) Political and Sociology Factors The nature of political agreement for Hong Kongs revision to China was maintained the British rule of economic governance. Under this old model, administration worked was closely worked with business community that to ensure the stability of social and economic environment. Such policies were also included public housing programme, comprehensive system of education, public health, subsidized in transport and social service. Colonial government approach of non intervention policy that allowed business elite integrated largely in governance the system of colonial Hong Kong by formulating public policies in responds to the interests and demands of the dominant resources controller and economic elites (Chiu and Nevin, 1996). In the wake of the economic environment, a magnitude domestic disturbance posed major crises of legitimacy, which alert the colonial government had to build a new basis of legitimacy in order to increase the commitment to voluntarism (Chiu and Nevin, 1999) Since the Hong Kong Government had made a formal commitment for the civil servant over the employment term and condition that initiated the practice trend of civil-service to private-sector approach. This kind of voluntarist framework had influenced the development of private sector to be more formalized in labour relations in civil service that resulting a process of both formal and informal pressures on the dependent and cultural expectation within the organization. Meanwhile, trade union being recognised by the colonial government and creating formal channels for their participation in decision making on terms and condition of employment which is more advanced than other private sector employers. (Chiu and Nevin, 1996) Through the expanding minimum standards of employment not solely for the capitalist but also coincide the interest for vulnerable categories of employees in the workforce. The birth of the international legislation for women and child labour and the enactment of the Employment Ordinance and its subsequent amendments were established in 1920 and 1966-67 respectively in order to maintain domestic stability and legitimacy. The policy are set for prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status (Chiu and Levin, 1996). In addition, the set up of Labour Department in 1947, the establishment of the Employment Ordinance in 1974 (Chiu and Levin, 1996) and the reform of political structure in 1980s, establishment of district boards with elected members to advise the government on the matters affecting the welfare of the district (Tang, 1999),begun elected seats onto the Legislative Council as the British and Chinese government negotiated for Hong Kongs future. Political parties representing grass-root and labour interest were able to exercise far more to influence in the legislature (Tang, 1999). Since it opened up of the political system, small business and firms, as well as labour groups were more active in competing for political support to advance interests. Besides that, the establish of the Trade Unions and Trade Disputes Ordinance, that allow multiple union to form in the same trade, industry or enterprise that facilitate unions fragmentation and reducing potential untied opposition from organize d labour to colonial rule. The approach of positive non-intervention taken by Labour Department, emphasised not to impose tight control over unions activities and political orientation. However, the behaviour of the trade unions FTU CTU in Hong Kong, always fall into opposite and competition position between two Chinese government (pro-Chinese Communist Party and pro-Kuomintang Party) rather than using their resources to enhance the interest of workers through their domestic political action. Cultural Factors : The cultural factors of Neo-Confucian ideological which suggests workers in Chinese society accept authoritarian management and avoid confrontation with the employer (Chan and Snape, 2000). The traditional Chinese cultural of paternalism and instrumental individualism in the work place, can be interpreted as the collectivistic particularism of the Chinese family (Ng, 1984) which is a concept of utilitarianistic familism that typically concerned about the interest of family over societal or other group interest, thus, they are low in participating of social involvement with co-workers and neighbour (Chiu and Nevin, 1999). Therefore, with these two ideologies among employee, employment just viewed as their secondary concern. The low level of social involvement of political apathy that underpinning the low level of participation in the unionization and collective action among workers. On the other hand, the practical exercise of Chinese workers preference unofficial methods and personal network to achieve their goals rather than in a formal channel. In addition, the rapid growth of labour population by the influx of refugee that had influenced the attitude and behaviour among the workplace as their primary interest was maximizing the income to get familial group survival. Main unions grouping in Hong Kong The unions in Hong Kong are encompassed with three main federations. The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Union (FTU), the largest union in Hong Kong and was established in 1947. Second is the pro-democracy Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) was formed in 1990 and has been worked close with the Christian Industrial Committee (CIC) that focusing on labour education and advising workers on grievances. Third, is pro-nationalist Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (TUC), was established in 1948. There are also many difference independent unions which are smaller in specific sector, such as Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants association (HKCCSA) and Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union (HKPTU). Traditionally, FTU have the role of taking an overly conciliatory line in labour disputes and focusing on the provision of welfare services to its members. However, it took a more moderate perspective that in line with Beijings conciliatory open door policy that not only participating in social affairs, striving for rights and benefit for workers but also promoting social stability and economic prosperity in Hong Kong. While CTU aims to build independent unions and encourage Hong Kong workers to see unions membership being about the protection of their interests (Snape and Chan,1997). The leadership of CTU was aimed to obtain the support from the grass-roots by effectively representing workers interests to government and to employers, playing a positive role in labour disputes by adopting an inclusive approach to unionization and desired to maintain stability which enable CTU is often cast in the role of trouble-shooter, and emphasizing the importance of CTUs political autonomy that to develop a political consciousness and to preserving trade union and other freedoms in Hong Kong. TUC, the association of KuoMinTang (KMT), affiliate has been seen as an expression of loyalty to the Nationalists. It displayed their influence mainly through their participation channel of communication with the government only. (Snape and Chan,1997) such as Labour Advisory Board. The leader of TUC has implemented low profile approach that in order to avoid anger Beijing. And the leadership were comes from the older age group that affecting the recruitment activity was more less than other unions and have been difficulties in recruiting younger workers. Implication However, accordance to the historical background, the effectiveness of trade union activities in Hong Kong is open to question. Given that the impact of Neo-Confucian, Chinese family and paternalism had influenced the mentality of Chinese workers and the first migrant generation, participated in the colonial educational system which limiting collective challenge towards colonial government should not be exaggerated. However, the combination of legislation and regulatory of voluntarism and the cultural perspective cannot be overlooked. This was not only influenced the institutions of family and education system but also foster the dominance of individual and instrumental labour market strategic. In accordance to its political background, governments non-intervention approach, collective bargaining in after world war II seems effective fro most of big business firms, however, the institutional environment had influenced the new form of modern labour organization in Hong Kong. That emerged the declined of labour movement and the new guild origins with a mutual aid function. From the aspect on welfare orientation, trade union acted as a principle agency between two rivalry Chinese parties, Kuomingtang and Chinese Communist Party. With tendency of enlarge their power and seeking the support from employer. However, it can lead to the reshape of industrial relation governance structure as well as trade union while the economic turn weak. In addition, trade union in Hong Kong can be viewed as mimetic as it replete with revolutionary and nationalistic movement. (Chiu and Levin, 1999) Under this circumstance, trade union lobbying benefit for worker are become ineffectiveness and gave the grounds for government and employer for resisting bargaining relations with the unions. Conclusion In general, trade unions role in other countries are concluding bargaining with employers for better pay, bonuses and allowance, better working conditions and more welfare benefit and try to get involve in the decision making are supported by employee. However, it doesnt not meant employee prefer representation and participation through trade union in Hong Kong. It can be interpreted due to the mentality difference among Hong Kong and others. The culturally conditioned fatalism and typically in-depth and influence employee in Hong Kong that lead to resistance of collective action (Chan and Snape, 2000). Besides the economic, political and sociological factors, employee apathetic to trade union can be seen as a key factor that influence trade union in Hong Kong became less formalized and less centralized.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions at Mammoth Mountain, California :: Nature Volcano Essays

Carbon Dioxide Emissions at Mammoth Mountain, California According to Dr. David P. Hill and Dr. Roy R. Bailey of the United States Geological Survey, the most common geological question in Mammoth, California is Where is the volcano? Although Mammoth Mountain does not resemble the classically recognized cone-shaped volcano, the mountain experienced significant volcanic and seismic activity in the past two decades, which have brought the mountain the recognition as a potentially hazardous volcano. A massive volcanic explosion 760,000 years ago created the Long Valley Caldera in California. A build up of magma beneath the earth's surface caused an uplift of the crust which led to the explosion. Afterwards, the crust sank over a mile, into a depression measuring 10 miles wide and 20 miles long. A magma chamber still exists beneath the caldera. The fumaroles and hot springs confirm the presence of a magma body. The underground magma heats groundwater which rises to the surface and releases in hot springs or steam vents (Hill et al. 2000). Recent uplifting caused the Resurgent Dome in the middle of the caldera to rise 2.5 feet over the past two decades. This volcanic unrest, on a previous stable volcanic system, prompted the USGS to put in place an Emergency Response plan and to closely monitor the region for further signs of unrest (Hill et al. 2000). The Mono-Inyo Crater volcanic chain lines the southwest side of the Long Valley Caldera. Mammoth Mountain, a volcano within the Mono-Inyo chain, formed 50,000 years ago from multiple dacite eruptions (Sorey et al. 1999) Dacite magma is an intermediate between rhyolite and andesite (Kearey 2001). Over the last 5,000 years, eruptions in the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain occurred periodically every 250-700 years. The active volcanic chain is being closely monitored for signs of future eruptions which include earthquakes, uplift of magma and gas emissions (Hill et al. 1998). Starting in the 1980's numerous earthquake swarms took place throughout the Long Valley Caldera concentrated in the southern section of the caldera. In May of 1989, seismic activity started in Mammoth Mountain, a volcano on the southwest edge of the Long Valley Caldera, with a period of earthquake swarms. Scientists collected data indicating that a dike was rising beneath the mountain and intruded 2 km below the surface of Mammoth Mountain (Sorey et al.

Discomfort, Irritation, and Confusion of The Bath Essay -- Wife of Bat

Discomfort, Irritation, and Confusion of The Bath People are living robots. They follow the norm. They go with the latest trend. They walk the latest walk and talk the latest talk. Even the "brilliant ideas" that sprout from people's minds are a combination of other people's thoughts and ideas; friends, family and the media are the greatest influences. When a situation that is out of the norm confronts people, they are suddenly caught off guard, and instead of dealing with the situation, they shy away from it in attempt to return to their protective glass case; the norm. Raymond Carver forces his readers to face discomfort, irritation, and confusion through reading "The Bath". His language is dry, and the story is short. The characters do not have names, the language does not flow well, and the ending leaves the reader hanging. The message of the story is vague, and the plot lacks depth; however, the details that this story reveals through the concise language surpasses any detail that "A Small, Good Thing" reveals through its abund ance of words. To begin with, "The Bath" lacks much usage of adverbs. Adverbs typically help describe an action so that the reader better understands either the character or the situation. Clearly, the point of not including adverbs in this short story is to force the reader to focus on what happens instead of how something happens. A short story is "something glimpsed from the corner of the eye, in passing" (Carver 558). A reader should not feel connected with the characters in the story because that is not the author's main concern. An author simply attempts to convey a message through some words in a page that is arranged in ... ... intentions for "A Small, Good Thing" differ from his intentions for "The Bath". Throughout "The Bath" the reader struggles with many uncomfortable feelings, and although the reader may not immediately realize that he/she can relate to the story more than he/she knows, a relationship is present. "The Bath" does a good job of putting the reader in the characters' shoes. "A Small, Good Thing," on the other hand, provides a comforting feeling of knowing everything that happens, and knowing that everything works out at the end. Since there is a beginning and an ending to the story, the reader can conclude a meaningful message from the story and relate or apply it to his/her life. Overall, "The Bath" sets the mood of the story better than "A Small, Good Thing" because of its concise language and its focus on "the glimpse" instead of the "big picture".

Hersey’s Purpose in Writing Hiroshima

John Hersey was born in China on June 17th, 1914. John Hersey wrote the book Hiroshima on August 31, 1946. The book is about six survivors from the bombing of Hiroshima. The survivors was: Mrs. Hatsuy Nakamura, Dr. Terufumi Sasaki, Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, Toshiko Sasaki, Dr. Masakazu Fujii, and Reverend Kiyoshi Tanimoto. These survivors were very strong people. They had to live off any resources that were left. Hersey wrote the book to tell the effects of the nuclear weapon. So he chose those 6 people. He described the pain that was visible. He also told about how much destruction the bomb had caused. Hersey also told the readers about how many people had died and te conditions they were in. The bomb caused exscrutiating burns all over their body. Many of the people that didn't die from the bomb was sickened with nausea, headaches, diarrhea, malaise, fever and other symptoms. It killed ninety-five per cent of the people within a half-mile of the center, and many thousands who were farther away. Hersey explained in the book the moment that the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.Hiroshima was also written to tell about the rumors that were going around about what had just happened in their town. The book also explained how the bomb surviors was able to put their lives back together with all their injuries and the scarceless resources. It also tells about how all the survivors had to work together to survive. Hersey also tells the readers about how the survivors are today. He found out that two were dead. Another was a nun. One of them had started touring the U.S.A for money so he could rebuild his church. Another had become a surgeon in his own clinic. No description about the last survivor. So as you can see the book Hiroshima was very helpful. It helped see the effects of the bomb. Also, it helped described the pain that it caused outside of the body and inside. It also gives assistance to the scientist to see how much destruction in the a town that the bomb had caused.

Ann Romney: Why Women Should be paid equal to men? Essay

Ann Romney was asked during her speech at a Moms for Mitt meeting, â€Å"Why should women get equal pay?† The ladies of the meeting wanted her opinion on equal pay for employees based on gender. She took no time to answer the question with a response that would shock the audience into silence to hear the following: â€Å"Why should women be paid equal to men? Men have been in the working world a lot longer and deserve to be paid at a higher rate. Heck, I’m a working mom and I’m not paid a dime. I depend on my husband to provide for me and my family, as should most women†¦ and if a woman does work, she should be happy just to be out there in the working world and quit complaining that she’s not making as much as her male counterparts. I mean really, all this wanting to be equal nonsense is going to be detrimental to the future of women everywhere. Who’s going to want to hire a woman, or for that matter, even marry a woman who thinks she is the same, if not better than a man at any job. It’s almost laughable. C’mon now ladies, are you with me on this?† When Mrs. Romney finished speaking, there was an awkward silence in the room with scattered applause that seemed a bit forced because of the audience’s support for her husband. Seemingly, Ann Romney was embarrassed and was escorted to a vehicle that took her to her husband. I view Ann’s perspective as a pre- meditated woman who believes women aren’t the backbone of this country just as much as men. But all women have the right to the same and equal opportunities as men. I wonder if her speech affected her husband’s presidential campaign.

Management of Change

School/Portfolio:| The Business School| Course Code/ID:| BUMKT5901| Course Title:| Marketing| Teaching Location:| MIT Melbourne| Program(s): | MBA| Author:| Kimble Montagu/Robert Errey| Level:| Introductory | Semester:| Insert| Prerequisite(s):| Nil | Corequisite(s):| Nil| Exclusion(s):| Nil| Credit Points/Progress Units:| 15| ASCED Code:| 080505| Adopted Reference Style APAhttp://www. ballarat. edu. au/library/assignment-and-research-help/referencing/apa-style 1COURSE ORGANISATION: 1. 1Handbook/sFor full details of programs and school procedures, please refer to the University of Ballarat handbook and The Business School Programs Handbooks available at: http://www. ballarat. edu. au/current-students/publications,-policies-and-forms/handbook/2012 http://www. ballarat. edu. au/business/handbooks Important information located in the handbooks includes: * * Student responsibility * Special Consideration process and forms * Submission of tasks and assignments * Appeal process * Unsatisfa ctory progress – Early Intervention * Grading codes 1. 2StaffThe most appropriate contact is your lecturer. If necessary they will contact the Course Coordinator at the University of Ballarat. | Coordinator| Lecturer| Tutor| Name:| Kimble Montagu| Kimble Montagu| N/a| Phone:| 0437 443 323| 0437 443 323| | Fax:| | | | Email:|   k. [email  protected] edu. au|   k. [email  protected] edu. au| | Office:| | | | Web:| | | | 1. 3Classes | Monday| Tuesday| Wednesday| Thursday| Friday| Saturday| Sunday| Morning| | | | | | | | Afternoon| | | | | | | | Evening| | | | | | | | Insert relevant time(s)/day(s)—then delete this messageStudents are reminded that class attendance is vital. Whilst it is appreciated that work commitments can impinge upon class attendance you need to be aware that there is more to learning Marketing than just reading the text and/or the lecture slides. Participation in class exercises and discussions, viewing DVDs, collaborating with your group memb ers and other classmates all add to a much richer learning experience. If you are going to miss all or some of a class then you need to let the lecturer and your group members know what is happening.History has shown that students who miss classes struggle to achieve the higher grades. 1. 4Consultation Hours By arrangement—please email for an appointment. 1. 5Prescribed Text This subject will be conducted on the presumption that students have a copy of: Iacobucci, D. (2012) MM3. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage. 1. 6Plagiarism Plagiarism is presenting someone else work as your own and is a serious offence with serious consequences. As set out in the University Regulation 6. 1. 1, students who are caught plagiarising will, for a first offence, be given a zero mark for that task.A second offence will result in a failing grade for the course(s) involved and any subsequent offence will be referred to the Student Discipline Committee. Student must be aware of the University Regula tion 6. 1. 1 Student Plagiarism, available at http://www. ballarat. edu. au/legislation/6. 1. 1-plagiarism. The link to the library website for more information is: http://www. ballarat. edu. au/library/assignment-and-research-help/referencing Students must: * fully reference the source(s) of all material, even if you have re-expressed the ideas, facts or descriptions; * acknowledge all direct quotations; and not submit work that has been researched and written by another person Turnitin—this software application allows students to check their assignments for referencing and citation omission or incorrect paraphrasing. Put a statement here about how/where to submit the assignments 1. 7UBOnline UBOnline is used to host course resources for all courses. Students can download lecture and tutorial notes to support class participation. Students login to the UBOnline at https://ubonline. ballarat. edu. au/login/index. php. ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 2OBJECTIVES: 2. 1General comments The objectives of this course are to introduce to you the fundamental principles and practices of marketing and to develop your ability to understand and use marketing processes and techniques. The development of your analytical and presentation skills will also be emphasised in this course. Marketing performs a specific role within the organisation. It seeks to increase certainty in the revenue stream today and into the future (Ambler, Marketing and the bottom line, 2000).The philosophy that underpins how this is achieved can be simply stated as seeking to understand and satisfy customer needs and wants as part of the process of achieving the organisations objectives (Kotler et. al. 2009). To execute this philosophy to fulfil its role within an organisation, marketing follows a process that comprises a number of components and tools. The apparent simplicity of the task as portray ed above, masks a complexity that will keep you engaged in the discipline for many years.Good marketers are able to draw insights from the theory, apply it to the day-to-day and develop innovations in marketing activity that delivers success to the organisation. It is, therefore, suggested that organisations which embrace marketing are more effective and efficient at generating revenue than that those which do not. A more technical explanation of the process of marketing is that companies aim to deliver value to their customers in a range of situations and contexts via a product or a service.The concept of value is one we consider early in the course. Companies usually deliver value to customers by developing a strategically planned and managed approach and by understanding their markets—that is, their customers, who are usually divided into groups of people (referred to as market segments) who share similar aspects or characteristics. The notion of identifying and understand ing (target) segments is the basis of consumer behaviour; a key aspect of the course.The way in which companies actually design, and deliver a product or service to meet the needs, wants and demands of their markets lies at the very heart of the marketing concept and this is the marketing mix. This multi-faceted topic covers the remainder of the lecture series. There are four key parts of the marketing mix we focus on: product, price, place (logistics), and promotion. In fact, there are also three other Ps—people, physical evidence and process. We do not cover these in this course—not because they are not important but because we simply do not have the time (they are covered in many textbooks).Each part of the marketing mix (and indeed, of marketing as a whole) has to deliver carefully planned value to the market—so we return to the critical concept of value which lies at the very heart of marketing. The above focuses on how companies provide value to customers (known as customer value). However, customer value also has another meaning—the financial value customers provide firms via their purchase of goods and services and the consumption of pre- and post-sale services. The financial outcome associated with the company’s marketing program is a critical issue for Boards and senior management.On completion of this course, you should be able to: 2. 2Knowledge * Recognise and understand the fundamental core concepts and processes of marketing * Explain marketing and its role in society and identify the principles that underpin marketing orientation * Describe the variety of marketing activities necessary to fulfil the marketing management process * Have acquired an understanding of the fundamental concepts and processes of marketing and the principles underlying the development of marketing strategies . 3Skills * Select appropriate methods and tools for implementing marketing strategies * Demonstrate and apply this knowledge to p rovide solutions to marketing problems * Solve marketing problems, and write cogent academic and business reports to meet academic and business criteria * Differentiate between organisations that are marketing oriented and those that are not 2. 4Values Appreciate the marketing situations that can occur for a range of products, services and ideas, and the marketing practices of various organisations in the public and private sectors including the not-for-profit organisations * Understand and appreciate the role of the marketer as one which contributes to an organisation’s goals through satisfying the needs of the consumer and the longer term needs of society (values/attitudes based objectives) 3CONTENT: 3. 1Topics and sub-topics may include: See the schedule near the end of this course description for a detailed list of key topics to be covered in this course. You will be introduced to the marketing concept and its evolution. The role of marketing in a modern business environm ent will be discussed including the way in which the marketing system interrelates with influencing variables. Current topical issues, including ethical considerations and green marketing, will be raised. * The critical concepts of ‘value exchange’ and ‘customer value’ will be emphasised. * Marketing’s role within the organisation and the underlying principles and techniques for marketing decision making, marketing planning, marketing research and the development of marketing strategies will be discussed. You will gain an understanding of the forces affecting market dynamics and an introduction to consumer behaviour, market segmentation, target marketing and positioning. * The elements of the marketing mix and associated concepts will be covered including the product life cycle, new product development, brands and packaging, pricing, distribution and supply, advertising and communications. * The organisation, control and evaluation of the marketing a ctivities within a firm will be introduced. 3. 2Teaching Method Classes will be informal, interactive and involving.Class exercises and discussions will be complemented with DVDs/video clips on various topics where appropriate. The lecturer will vary the format, style, pace and flow to meet your needs but remember—your willingness to participate and share your knowledge/experiences will help your learning and that of the other students. If you have not studied marketing before it helps your learning if you start to become a highly aware consumer. This means, for example: 1. When you see an advertisement on TV or in a magazine ask yourself the following; a. ho is the target market? What has led you to this conclusion? b. what is the key message? How is it being communicated? c. is this the best medium to reach this target market? 2. When you’re at the supermarket take note of; d. what products/brands are placed in the best locations (where in the store/on what shelf) e. whether house brands are taking space from national/international brands f. what price or sales promotions are being run g. determine, if at all, how these marketing tactics affect your buying behaviour 3.Take note of how you go about your shopping for a variety of goods/services—just buy what you always buy, search for products and prices on the Internet first, speak to friends, who makes the final decision, who purchases the product 4. If you’re not happy with a product or service be an active consumer—contact the firm and assess how they handle your feedback/complaint—this is a good way to find out just how customer oriented a firm is. 4LEARNING TASKS AND ASSESSMENT: 4. 1Summary It is emphasised that this course requires a significant commitment outside of formal class contact.The learning tasks in this course may include classes (lectures, tutorials or seminars), required reading, the preparation of answers to set questions, exercises and problems, a nd self-study. In addition, students may be required to complete an assignment, test or examination. Summary of suggested time allocations for this course Classes | 3 hours per topic for 12 topics| 36 hours| Reading| 2 hours per topic for 12 topics | 24 hours| Preparation of set questions, exercises and problems| 4 hours per topic for 12 topics| 48 hours| Preparation of assignment| | 20 hours|Study and revision for test and end of semester examination| | 22 hours| TOTAL| | 150 hours| 4. 2Attendance and Participation It is in students’ interest to make every effort to attend all the classes for this course and to complete all preparatory and assessment tasks. It is our experience that those students who do not attend class or carry out the associated activities are more likely to do poorly or to fail the course completely. Learning Task| Assessment| Weighting| Demonstrate knowledge of the early course material such as: core marketing concepts (e. g. the value exchange) and the 4Ps| Individual Assignment| 25%| Via selection (by the student) of a firm/product/service, demonstrate application of critical marketing concepts and business acumen through the analysis and evaluation of relevant case questions/requirements| Group Presentations and Report| 25%| Demonstrate knowledge of key marketing concepts by applying them in different marketing situations| Examination| 50%| 4. 3Note on Assessment The University of Ballarat PASS grade is achieved at 50%. To pass the courses listed below student must achieve this and pass the examination (if applicable).All other courses must achieve a pass overall. BUACC1506, BUACC1507, BUACC1521, BUEBU1501, BUECO1507, BUECO1508, BUENT1531, BUHRM1501, BULAW1502, BULAW1503, BUMGT1501, BUMKT1501, BUMKT1503, BUTSM1501, BUTSM1502, BUACC5901, BUACC5930, BUACC5932, BUACC5933, BUACC5934, BUACC5935, BUACC5936, BUACC5937, BUECO5903, BUHRM5912, BULAW5911, BULAW5914, BULAW5915, BULAW5916, BUMGT5921, BUMGT5926, BUMKT5901, BUMKT5922. You nee d to get at least 50% in the exam and at least 50% overall to pass this course. Students are strongly advised to attempt ALL assessment tasks.Students who do not submit a task(s) or fail a task(s) in the semester will be identified as a ‘student at risk’ of unsatisfactory academic progress (outlined in the Business School Handbooks) and will be directed to the School’s Intervention Program. Students who encounter difficulties or who are otherwise concerned regarding their progress should consult their lecturer. Assessment criteria set out the details by which performance in each task will be judged. This information will give a clear and explicit understanding of the expected standards to be achieved relative to the marks awarded.The Assessment Criteria Sheet for each assignment for this course is at the end of this document. 4. 4Assignment One—Individual Report Due Date: Week 6 Submit a hard copy at MIT level 7 no later than Wednesday 19th December 2012 B y 4 pm Weighting:25% Length:Approximately 2,500 words This assignment focuses on how a product or service (which you can choose) delivers value to customers through the 4Ps of marketing (product, place, price and promotion). This is an introductory assignment. We do not expect you to know the intricate details of each of the 4Ps yet as these are considered later in the course.This assignment can make use of a product or service from Australia or from another country—however; you are much more likely to have greater access to information if you choose a company that operates in your city/country. That is, if you are studying in Sydney chose a company that operates in Sydney, or if you are studying in Hong Kong, chose a Hong Kong company. You are required to collect data and discuss how the product or service, delivers value to customers. This assignment gives you the chance to use your own views and opinions.Use sentences such as (in regards to, for example, promotion) ‘ this product (say a Toyota car) delivers value to customers in a number of ways†¦first of all, as in the attached advertisement. ’ Then describe the advertisement and how the advertisement helps to promote Toyota, it could be in regard to the wording, colours, design and so on. The second promotional aspect might be perhaps a radio advertisement†¦ so be quite specific. Try to discuss how each aspect of the product or service delivers value, that is, helps to market the product or service. Pick any product—a brand or car etc. but be specific, don’t just select ‘Toyota’ but pick a particular product. The product can be from Hong Kong or abroad. You could pick a service, but again be specific, (i. e. , perhaps Star Ferry in Hong Kong). * Describe the company providing the product or service in two paragraphs or so. This is just a basic introduction. * Describe, in your own words (i. e. , do not just use information off a website etc. ), how y ou feel the product or service delivers value to customers as follows (This is 80% of the assignment): The product or service—how does it deliver value to customers? Provide examples. (Aspects could be design, features, even brand, image reputation); * The price of the product or service—how does this deliver value to customers (perhaps it is cheap, or even expensive which can give customers a sense that the product or service is high quality, has status and so on). * The place of the product or service (the location in which customers can access the product or service). Perhaps the service is located in a particular place which can help its image and status i. e. a Kmart store in Australia located in a very good shopping centre; or Watsons in Hong Kong located in the busiest part of Hong Kong, such as Mongkok. But place can be very specific, too, perhaps a book—perhaps a popular novel, is located in a very smart bookshop (i. e. Pageone Hong Kong, or a specialit y bookshop in Australia) which can improve its status, and brand image); * The promotion of the product or service—the way in which the product or service is promoted). Perhaps the product or service benefits from some very smart advertising or promotion. Provide an example of an advertisement. . 4. 1Individual Assignment—Assessment Criteria This assignment is an introductory one and it is designed to cover some of the key aspects of marketing as contained in the first few chapters of the text book. It is an assignment which understands that many of you may not have come from a marketing background. Indeed, for many of you, this may be your very first course in the MBA so this is an assignment which helps you to understand some of the basic aspects of marketing and, indeed, of assignment preparation in a western MBA environment. Follow the format given above.At the back of this document is an Assessment Criteria Sheet (ACS) for the individual assignment—please n ote that the focus of the assignment is HOW VALUE IS DELIVERED by the product (or service) you select via the 4Ps. Hence, it is pertinent that you write something like ‘the product provides value because it is the most economical on the market’ or ‘value is provided because the product is distributed through all major supermarket chains and online’. To help you understand how firms can provide value your lecturer will allocate time on the first day to discuss the Office Depot case.You will form groups and answer specific questions and present to the class. You will review a sample of a ‘model’ report of this assignment which will give you clear indications of what is required to earn a high mark. 4. 5Assignment Two—Group Presentation and Report Due Date: Report—Due week 11 Submit a hard copy at MIT Melbourne level 7 no later than 30th January 2013 by 4pm. Presentation— 31st January 2013 Hard copy of the presentation is to b e handed to the lecturer before the presentation. Submit a hard copy at MIT no later than tutorial and lecture time. Weighting:25% (10% for the presentation and 15% for the report)Length:2,500 to 3,000 words for the report and an oral presentation of around twenty minutes followed by about ten minutes for questions. The presentation is usually accompanied by about 20 PowerPoint slides but again, you will be advised by your lecturer. This is a higher level assignment compared to Assignment One. Now we ask you to include some discussion, analysis, and creative thinking. In essence, you can now also provide more of your own ideas, viewpoints and thoughts about the topic. This a real life case study and this will be discussed by your lecturer.You will pick a real company to be the focus of your case study. The company could be the company as a whole, but it could instead be a product, or a service or, indeed, a range of products or services. History shows that it is easier to do this as signment if you focus on one specific product (or service) such as American Express Platinum Card rather than looking at the entire American Express suite of offerings or the company as a whole. The presentation and the report need to cover the following issues, although there may be some variation: talk to your lecturer.What is listed below is indicative, and often a presentation will have its own flow and format. The list of aspects below is for guidance only. 1. Describe the company, product or service. That is, give a short introduction. Provide some background. 2. Evaluate the product or service (or company). That is, discuss the product (or service or company) from a marketing perspective. To do this you may use the marketing mix to identify how the product, service or company satisfies its market. This discussion is not what the company writes about itself—it is the view of your group.YOU NEED TO COLLECT DATA. 3. Describe two target markets for the company, product or service. These markets may be identified by the company or you. If you researching a consumer product and are studying in Australia try to use the Roy Morgan Value Segments—see http://www. roymorgan. com/products/values-segments/values-segments. cfm. If you are studying elsewhere try to use the Strategic Business Insights VALS segmentation—see http://www. strategicbusinessinsights. com/vals/ 4. Evaluate these two markets. This means discuss and be critical of these markets.Are they too wide, or narrow? Are they, in your opinion, markets which seem to be appropriate (or viable) for the company (or its product or service)? 5. What would be FOUR new plans, ideas, products or services which your group feels would add value to the company? This part of your presentation, and report, can be creative. But JUSTIFY your ideas. By this we mean: where did your ideas come from—provide some background to your thinking and some theories to back them up. Remember to answer the se questions in a report format. Your lecturer will give you some tips here.As a note, the range of topics could be quite wide—for example, we have had presentations on nursing (as nurses provide value to their patients, staff and other stakeholders such as managers and government bodies), the retail sector (such as Watsons, for example), the I-Phone or I-Pod, or whatever. Marketing is about delivering value to a range of target markets—so it covers almost all sectors in business, and life. 4. 5. 1Group Assignment—Assessment Criteria At the end of this document is the Assessment Criteria Sheets for the presentation and report.The ACSs clearly show what needs to be addressed—not meeting these requirements will reduce your marks. For example, students sometimes don’t provide an Executive Summary or provide one but do not address the required elements—marks cannot be earned in such a case. You will be shown a sample of a group report and presen tation so that you will better understand what is required to earn a high mark. 4. 6Report Format Reports are to satisfy the following requirements. An Assessment Criteria Sheet MUST be fully completed and attached to the front of the assignment.The assignment MUST also have a cover page that includes: 1. BUMKT5901 Marketing 2. Insert Semester and Partner 3. Individual Assignment—Delivering Value OR Group Assignment—New Marketing Initiatives 4. Your name OR Names 5. Your student ID OR IDs 6. The Due Date 7. Submitted to—insert lecturer’s name Font—Arial Size—12 Paragraphs—fully justified Line spacing—single line Before and after spacing—0 points Paragraph spacing—one space before and after APA reference style 4. 7Peer Assessment Groups will be limited to a maximum of four members.Hopefully, this will limit the organisational and productivity issues that appear to plague group experiences. Peer evaluation may be un dertaken in this course. It will be the responsibility of all group members to produce a quality report. Hence, if there are group problems you are expected to sort them out so that the group, as a whole, does not suffer. If you need to discuss such a situation with your lecturer—DO NOT LEAVE IT UNTIL THE LAST MOMENT. Please note that if a Peer Evaluation is required for your group, under normal circumstances no marks can be awarded to the group members until ALL members have returned he Peer Evaluation sheets. Peer Evaluation covers individual performance on: * Understanding of the task and topic * Industry and initiative * Dependability and integrity * Participating as a group member * Attendance To help you formulate a fair peer evaluation all students should keep notes on, e. g. : * Tutorial and meeting attendance * Allocation of tasks—who is to do what and by when * Whether requested material is delivered on time and at sufficient quality/quantity * Dates and deta ils of all communications—verbal, SMS, email and any other formYou should all regularly ‘sign off’ so that there is consensus of what has occurred, what is being requested and by when, etc. If a group has to complete a confidential peer evaluation each student will obtain 50% of the group mark plus some allocation of the other 50% according to the result of the peer evaluation. No student can attain a mark that is higher than what the paper attained. For example, if the paper received 14 out of 20 then the student with the highest peer evaluation will receive 14 marks—the other students will receive a percentage of that student’s mark.The following example should clarify the approach. Assignment mark| 14 (out of 20)| | | Students| A| B| C| Marks @ 50%| 7| 7| 7| Peer evaluation (out of 100)| 100| 80| 70| Additional marks| 7| 5. 6| 4. 9| Final marks| 14| 12. 6| 11. 9| NB: Where the lecturer believes that the Peer Evaluations have not been completed fa irly he/she can amend the final marks generated by the above formula. 4. 7. 1Non-contributing Group Members Students need to understand that as a member of a group you have obligations to the other group members and failing to meet these obligations may put their and your performance at risk.Where a student (or students) is (are) not fulfilling these obligations all group members will be required to complete an independent and confidential Peer Evaluation. Where a student is rated poorly by fellow group members the offending student not only faces the prospect of scoring substantially reduced marks but may also: * Receive a letter from the School to, e. g. requesting the student to attend a meeting with the Deputy Dean or some other nominated party; and/or * Where applicable, be excluded from the group. * 4. 7. 2Removal from a GroupThis is a last resort approach where under certain conditions a student can be removed from a group if he/she does not contribute as expected. This remov al can occur at any time and then this student will be required to complete the group assignment as an individual assignment. The decision to remove the student is at the sole discretion of the lecturer after collecting data and speaking with the group members. Aspects that may be taken into account when reaching such a decision are: * Tutorial and ex-class meeting attendance * General attitude displayed towards the assignment Not responding to group members’ communication efforts * Not completing assigned tasks at the appropriate standard and on time * Not responding to the lecturer’s communication efforts To assist with this decision making students should keep individual diaries recording data related to the above points. 4. 8Exam A three hour (50%) exam will be conducted at the end of the semester to test material covered throughout the course. You will be provided with an idea of what is in the exam. All materials covered throughout the semester (that is, in the s chedule below) are examinable—includes any handouts etc.Examination assessment criteria include: 1. Your ability to apply marketing concepts to solve new problem situations. 2. Your ability to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of marketing concepts. 3. Your ability to demonstrate critical thinking, deductive reasoning and logic in relation # 1 and # 2. NB: You must pass the exam (i. e. , obtain at least 50%) and also gain a minimum of 50% overall to pass this course. 5SCHEDULE: As this subject is taught in intensive mode, and seeks to be highly interactive, the material covered may vary from the schedule detailed below.However, to ensure you get the maximum value from the subject it is suggested that you pre-read as much as possible prior to the class. Date| Lecture| TextChapters| Week 1Insert day and date| Course administration and introductionsMarketing management importanceOffice Depot case| Course description1Handout| Week 2Insert day and date| Customer behaviourHow the kids took over OR Consuming kidsIndividual assignment: discussion and formulation| 2DVD| Week 3Insert day and date| SegmentationEconomic segmentationIndividual assignment: discussion and formulation| 3Lecture notes| Week 4Insert day and date|TargetingPositioningGroup assignment: group formation and discussion| 45| Week 5Insert day and date| Products: goods and servicesProfitable product paradigm| 6Lecture notes| Week 6Insert day and date| BrandsPeter Day (BBC)New products| 7Podcast 8| Week 7Insert day and date| Marketing communications & IMCGruen Transfer| 11 & 12DVD| Week 8Insert day and date| Social mediaPricing| 139|Week 9Insert day and date| Distribution and logisticsThe price we payCustomer satisfaction and relationships| 10DVD14| Week 10Insert day and date| Presentations Marketing researchMarketing strategyDetroit: ain’t too proud to beg| 1516DVD| Week 11Insert day and date| Presentations Marketing plans| 17| Week 12Insert day and date| Presentations Course summary Marketing mind mapExam details and preparationCourse evaluation| | | SWOT VAC and EXAMINATIONS| | 6ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Additional useful references: Each day there are articles in the daily press that address key concepts covered by this course.Articles of interest can be brought to class for discussion. There is also a wide range of general marketing textbooks available that introduce basic marketing concepts. These books may help to supplement the material presented in your prescribed text. Other useful texts for general marketing knowledge, case analysis techniques and presentation skills include: * Kotler, P. , Brown, L. , Burton, S. , Deans, K. , Armstrong. G. (2009). Marketing. (8e), Sydney: Pearson Education. * Hubbard, G. ‘Analysing A Case', in P. Graham. (1990). Insights into Australian marketing: Readings and cases. Sydney: PrenticeHall. Jobber, D. (2009). Principles and practice of Marketing (6th Ed. ). London: McGraw-Hill. * Lamb, C. W. , Hair. J. F. & McDaniel, C. , (2011). Marketing (11th Ed. ). Mason: South Western. * MacNamara, J & Venton, B. (1990). How to give winning presentations: Sydney: Archipelago Press. * Nutting, J. & White, G. (1990). The business of communicating (2nd Ed. ). Sydney: McGrawHill. * Pride, W. M. & Ferrell, O. C. (2011). Foundations of marketing (4th Ed. ). Mason, OH, South Western. There are also numerous books written by Philip Kotler, either by himself or with other authors.For a comprehensive list of marketing journals go to: http://www. tilburguniversity. edu/about-tilburg-university/schools/economics-and-management/organisation/departments/marketing/links/journal1. html The major journal is the Journal of Marketing. Other journals that you should become familiar with and could use in your research for your assignments include: Australasian Marketing Journal Journal of Advertising Journal of Consumer Marketing Journal of Consumer Behaviour Journal of Product and Brand Management Journal of Strategic Marketin g Industry related linksThere is a diverse source of industry sites where the concepts covered in this subject are touched on. www. inc. com This is America’s number one entrepreneurship and small business site. Great if you are starting up your own business and some good general coverage of marketing topics (see the sales and marketing tab). www. marketingprofs. com The Marketing Professionals site, as the name suggests, is targeted as the specialist marketer. Click on the ‘marketing articles’ tab and you will find a list of main marketing topics covered and many you may not have thought of.As it is written for practitioners, most of the articles are 2 -3 pages in length. Marketing consulting firms http://www. tomspencer. com. au/2008/07/27/strategy-consulting-and-business-consulting-firms-list-australia/#Deloitte http://www. stormscape. com/inspiration/website-lists/consulting-firms/ The leading marketing consulting firms, both international and national, seek to hire the best and brightest people who come up with the big ideas that change the world! Of course they have to tell everyone how smart they are (many of them are very smart).To do this they write and publish insight and thought pieces on current industry and discipline trends. You will need to do a bit of searching but you will often find some very good general articles. www. digitalbuzzblog. com This site has the latest campaigns from the world of digital. Be careful it can be addictive!! Read the editorial commentary to get insight into the objectives organisations set for their campaigns. Adopted Reference Style APA – http://www. ballarat. edu. au/library/assignment-and-research-help/referencing ASSESSMENT CRITERIA SHEET Assignment #1—Delivering Value Student| Student Number| Email| | | Criteria| Maximum Marks| Comments| Executive Summary * Introductory sentence * Major findings| 4| | Introduction * Company background| 3| | Product – Describe product/serv ice- Features/benefits- Value delivered| 4| | Promotion – Describe—provide examples- Value delivered| 4| | Price – Data collected- Describe—provide examples- Value delivered| 4| | Place – Describe—provide examples- Value delivered| 4| | Presentation/Appearance- English expression, degree free of spelling errors, formatting, use of tables, correctly referenced, etc. | 2| | Total| 25| | Mark:___________Comments:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ASSESSMENT CRITERIA SHEET Assignment #2—New Marketing Plans (Report) Student| Student Number| Email| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Criteria| Maximum Marks| Comments| Executive Summary * Introductory sentence * Major findings- Major recommendations| 2| | Introduction * Company background | 0. 5| |Product/service evaluation * Description of product/service| 2| | Promotion evaluation * Description of promotional activities| 2| | Price evaluation * Description of pricing strategies| 2| | Place evaluation * Description of how product is distributed| 2| | Market segments * Description of two segments * Evaluation of two segments| 2| | New Marketing initiatives * Description of FOUR new initiatives * Rationale for success| 2| | Presentation/Appeara nce- English expression, degree free of spelling errors, formatting, use of tables, correctly referenced, etc. | 0. 5| | Total| 15| | Mark:___________Comments:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ASSESSMENT CRITERIA SHEET Assignment #2—New Marketing Plans (Presentation) Student| Student Number| Email| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |