The Structural and Functional of Human Body

Question: Discuss about the The Structural and Functional of Human Body. Answer: General Anatomy and its Functions Human anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the different structures of human body. The structural and functional unit of human body is cell. Cells together form the tissue, which in turn forms organs and organ systems, eventually forming the whole organism. Name and the short description of the human organ systems are mentioned below: The skeletal system is the framework of the body, which supports the whole body and the internal organs. In adults 206 bones comprise the skeletal system. Other functions include storage of minerals and production of blood cells in the bone marrow. There are three types of muscle in the body, the skeletal muscle/voluntary muscle (which is under human control), smooth muscle/involuntary muscle (which is not under human control) and cardiac muscle (found in heart). We control the skeletal muscles for our daily works like walking, running, gripping writing, talking and so on. Smooth muscles are found in the internal organs, controlling their various movements. Cardiac muscles of heart contract and relax continuously pumping blood throughout the body. The digestive system is made up of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, gall bladder and liver. Functions of digestive system include chewing of food, swallowing, peristalsis, secretion of digestive juices, break down of food particles and absorption. The respiratory system comprises of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs. Trachea gets branched within the lungs eventually ending into the alveolar sacs. Its primary function is gas exchange with the environment. Additionally it plays important role in the bodys defence system and metabolism of certain kind of drugs. Cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. Heart pumps blood throughout the body which carries the respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, etc. The nervous system consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves. It controls all the organ systems of the body including the reflex actions, body posture, movement, emotion, memory, speech, instinctual behaviour etc. The endocrine system is made up of the endocrine glands, thymus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovary, testis etc. Hormones released from endocrine glands control various functions of the body like growth, metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, ovulation, spermetogenesis etc. Excretory system is made up of kidney, ureters and urinary bladder. Urinary system excretes excess water and waste products of the body. Kidney is also involved in bodys acid-base balance. Kidney produces hormone rennin, erythropoietin etc. The integumentary system is made up of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands etc. Main functions of this system are protection of the body, temperature homeostasis, and vitamin D synthesis and so on. The male reproductive system includes testis, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, spermatic cord, scrotum and penis. There are two main functions of this system- formation of sperms and secretion of hormones (testosterone, inhibin, activin, oestrogen etc.). Female reproductive system includes ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, bulbs of the vestibule and vestibular glands. The two main functions of this system are- oogenesis and secretion of hormones (oestrogen, progesterone). Rationale behind Caseys Symptoms In the given case study Casey went fishing with her friends on a hot sunny day, without having anything for breakfast. He stood ankle deep in water for a long time and by lunch time was feeling light headed and nauseous. A number of reasons may be responsible for the health condition faced by Casey. The Integumentary System The integumentary system (skin) of our body plays an important role in controlling the body temperature. Heat is lost through the surface of the skin by radiation and evaporation of sweat (Bai et al., 2014). Casey may have experienced the symptoms due to heat exhaustion. Even though she wore a hat and sun safe clothing, spending a long time under the sun may have caused fluid depletion and increase in the bodys core temperate that can result in nausea and light headedness. Basic Body Chemistry The normal pH of the human body is about 7.4. Disruption in the pH can potentially disrupt all the metabolic and physiologic processes occurring inside the body. Further, for proper functioning of the cells and the nervous system an optimum electrolyte balance and energy is required (Skidmore-Roth, 2016). As Casey did not have any food for breakfast and only carried 600ml of water, which was not enough for the given whether conditions she could have suffered from dehydration and lack of energy causing nausea and light headedness. The Neurological System The nervous system, essentially the Brain is an indispensible part for the normal functioning of all the physiological processes. The Brain requires a continuous supply of blood and glucose to function in an efficient manner. Standing for long periods of time may cause the blood pressure in the Brain to lower resulting into lack of oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain (Schml, 2013). This might be another cause for the symptoms evident in Casey. 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